- Help to stop official endorsement of Ofquack http://bit.ly/10nXwbO My submission here Feel free to plagiarise http://bit.ly/YQNZtF
@david_colquhoun Case reports remain of use to any student practicioner who has to turn theory and evidence into practice on a ward.-
@david_colquhoun#aromatherapy#essentialoil Robert Tisserand has a new 1400 page book out on safety and evidence shortly. -
@david_colquhoun#essentialoil Shirley Price has a new edition of#Aromatherapy for Health Professionals out http://www.amazon.co.uk/AROMATHERAPY-HLTH-PROFESSNALS-Shirley-Price/dp/0702035645 … -
@david_colquhoun#essentialoil with a little labour in these sources I think you may consider taking#aromatherapy off your list. -
@david_colquhoun Cochrane Reviews tend to work on a ten year cycle and if the last two years are anything to go by should have more to go on
-
@david_colquhoun no criticism intended. The evidence has widened in the last 2 years with developments in neuroscience & study of rat models -
@david_colquhoun#aromatherapy#essentialoil Robert Tisserand is strong on evidence following Valnet/Gattefosse http://roberttisserand.com/blog/ -
@david_colquhoun#aromatherapy#essentaloil this physician is strong on clinical aromatherapy uses/wellbeing evidence http://vimeo.com/33176990 -
-
@david_colquhoun but while cut and pasting bear in mind the bit re#essentialoil#aromatherapy and lack of a qualification in A&P is untrue
Saturday, 30 March 2013
Everyday Essential Oils Guide
Everyday Essential Oils Guide
Contents
Introduction
Protocol
Essential oils profiles
About carrier oils
The Carrier oils
Blending recipes
A sensory garden
A guide to safe essential oil use in a ward environment
Neuroscience
Neuroscience – the evidence
Sensory Training a program for a study day
Though reference is made to uses and properties
of essential oils in this guide nothing should be taken as a substitute for
medical advice and treatments. If
you are ill see your doctor!
Though reference is made to uses and properties
of essential oils in this guide nothing should be taken as a substitute for
medical advice and treatments. If
you are ill see your doctor!
|
Introduction
Welcome to this
everyday essential oils guide. I would like you to imagine that you are sitting
with me in a group in a classroom. You
are perhaps slightly unsure of why you are there. Maybe your boss has said this training for
you and colleagues is required for use in your work. So you approach the study day with a willing,
open and slightly sceptical mind! Maybe
you are studying this guide in school or maybe you and friends are reading this
booklet with me with a kit of oils open in front of you for fun because you
have heard essential oils make a great hobby.
As a first step
after our introductions I circulate a blank piece of lined paper and ask you to
note your questions as we go along. I
ask you to leave the first ten lines free and pass around a bottle of Lemon
essential oil. Everyone in the group
sniffs the oil. Anyone find that unpleasant I ask? Here is our first encounter with essential
oil. Our mind is geared up to be alarmed
by relatively heavy smells which contain chlorine and sulphur. Essential oils do not and we usually
experience them as neutral, pleasant aromas.
Essential oils can
be divided into those we find stimulating and relaxing. From the stimulating citrus family of oil we have
before us Bergamot, Orange Sweet, Grapefruit, Mandarin and Lemon. From the relaxing
and uplifting herbaceous family of which Basil, Lavender, Marjoram Sweet, Patchouli
and Rosemary are members. Already we
have 10 essential oils all of which are effective and safe provided we bear in
mind some simple precautions which we learn under safety.
Those 10 oils have
names we are already familiar with so now lets look at how we experience their
odours. Unlike the sharp citrus smells
the longer notes of the herbaceous family are earthier middle to base notes. Early on in the study of essential oils
scientists noted the similarity of essential oil notes to notes on a piano
keyboard with sharp notes at the top and longer deeper notes at the
bottom. Could it be they wondered that
the brain interprets the information from the nose in a similar way we
interpret music? Could that explain the
marked effects of odours on mood? We possess an appreciation of harmony and
beauty which automatically adjusts our mood.
Science tells us also that odours impact directly on the brain stem
through olfaction.
We note that
essential oils are already a blend of different chemicals which we experience
as a single odour. Beyond the headline
ingredients essential oils can have over a hundred constituents. Terpenes like limonene found in the citrus
oils are stimulating. Alcohols like linalool
and Esters are relaxing. Ketones and
Aldehydes though a small constituent can contribute much to the odour. However
we are mainly concerned with the stimulating and relaxing properties of
essential oils so we can look at their chemistry in a simplified and easily
appreciated way.
With this gentle
introduction to odour, botany and chemistry we can say at once what the policy
of our study group is.
Protocol
Each essential oil’s characteristic odour and properties come from the essential oils
chemical composition
Essential oils can stimulate or relax according to their chemical composition
Essential oils can stimulate or relax according to their chemical composition
Use 100% pure essential oils
Essential oils can be applied by inhalation, orally by ingestion (lavender or peppermint
capsules), or topically through the skin.
Topical applications can be given in a bath, a compress, or self hand
massage diluted in carrier oil.
Carrier oils are cold pressed vegetable oils, such as almond, grapeseed,
sesame, peanut and olive oil
The Essential oils
We can now look at
more essential oils. Ones derived from
trees, ones derived from flowers and so our study group’s essential oil list is
complete.
Citrus
Bergamot, Grapefruit,
Lemon, Lime, Mandarin, Orange Sweet
Herbacious
Clary Sage, Lavender, Marjoram Sweet, Melissa, Patchouli,
Rosemary
Woody, Floral, Resin
Cedarwood, Roman Chamomile, Frankincense, Geranium, Jasmine,
Neroli, Peppermint, Petitgrain, Rose
Otto, Sandalwood, Vetiver, Ylang
Ylang
You can find
profiles on these oils in the guide below.
Throughout the guide are botanical drawings. You might like to collect a cutting from the
garden and use it to colour in the drawing.
There is plenty of room to make your own notes on the oils and how you
feel when you inhale the oils on their own and in combination with each other
for example by dropping oils onto a tissue or flannel together.
Essential Oil Profiles
Lets get to know
our study oils a little better. Much the
best way is to pass them round. Choose
the oils which most appeal to you and try to develop your signature oil or an
oil for a particular purpose.
There are some
blending recipe examples later on. There
is an extensive essential oil literature and recipes can be found there which
can help inform the feeling of which oil you might like to make.
There are many
other useful oils like Tea Tree, Eucalyptus, Thyme which as a result of their
chemistry are antiseptic in effect.
Juniper is used as a diuretic. Cypress oil is effective for grief. You will be familiar with Black Pepper which
evidence shows improves the swallowing reflex.
Yes science is telling us the reasoning for seasoning!
The profiles below
are accompanied by botanical drawings from Lorella Bevilacqua
Lets meet
Lorella. Not only is she an artist she
is a grower and distiller of essential oil and is pictured on the front of this
guide. She collects the flowering stems by hand with her sickle and uses steam
to distill the oils she produces. The
steam cools and the essential oil liberated from the flowers floats on top. Agricultural work is hard but as you can see
from her picture Lorella loves what she does.
Citrus oils are
cold pressed or steam distilled from the peel as part of fruit juice production. To avoid pesticide residues I recommend
organic citrus oils. All essential oils
should be kept in a secure, cool dark place.
Citrus oils should be storaed in a refrigerator as they rapidly oxidise
when opened.
BASIL (Ocimum basilicum)/Lamiaceae
Aroma: Sweet, herbaceous, licorice-like,
slightly campherous.
Basil is found in many of the warm,
temperate climates of the world. This annual herb grows up to 60cm in height,
has dark leaves and whorls of pink flowers which give off a powerful aroma. The European sweet basil is produced mainly
in France and Italy.
The essential oil, which is distilled from
the whole plant, is virtually colourless and has a
refreshing sweet aroma. Top note.
Used in inhalation, baths and massage,
basil is particularly effective for depression, nervous insomnia and
mental strain. In baths and massage, basil can relieve cramps and digestive disorders
emanating from nervous tension; it can also be helpful in regulating scanty
periods.
Inhalation of basil essential oil
stimulates the brain and is most beneficial during long periods of study. May
be helpful in emotions such as fear, despair and lethargy.
Evidence:
Basil (contains R Linalol) reduces stress levels.
CAUTION: Care should be taken during early
pregnancy as Basil can be a powerful oil depending on the variety of plant.
ANALYSIS:
Linalol 52.7%, cineole 7.9%, bornyl acetate+t a bergmotene 6.5%, b elemene
2.0%, eugenol 7.0%
BERGAMOT (Citrus bergamia)/Rutaceae
Aroma;
Fresh, orange/lemon/citrusy, slightly floral.
Bergamots are inedible bitter citrus fruits
grown for their essential oil. The trees were first discovered on the Canary
Islands by Christopher Columbus, who introduced them to Italy, which is
still the chief area of production. The oil, obtained by expressing the fruit
rinds, is a yellow-green colour and has a refreshing aroma. Top
note.
Bergamot is used to flavour Earl Grey
Tea. Bergamot is used in some half of womens perfumes and is an
ingredient in the original Eau de Cologne.
Bergamot oil is extremely useful in the
treatment of digestive problems such as colic, gastric spasms and sluggish
digestion. Emotionally, bergamot calms agitation, lifts despondency and balances
mood swings.
Evidence:
Bergamot oil and diazepam exhibited anxiolytic-like behaviours and
attenuated HPA axis activity by reducing the corticosterone response to stress.
CAUTION: Because bergamot is a
photosensitiser it should never be used on the skin before going into strong
sunlight, since pigmentation can occur. A bergapten free Bergamot oil is
available and is the oil used in perfumery.
ANALYSIS:
Limonene 43.3%, Linalyl acetate 27.1%, Linalol 7.3%, Beta pinene 5.6%, Gamma
terpinene 7.6%.
CEDARWOOD (Cedrus atlantica)/Pinaceae
Aroma:
Woody and sweet.
Cedrus atlantica grows abundantly in
Northern Africa and particularly in Morocco. The oil, which has a sweet, woody
odour is obtained by steam distillation.
It has a variety of uses, especially in the
treatment of skin-related complaints such as acne, dandruff, alopecia and
over-production of oil from sebaceous glands. Respiratory problems like bronchitis,
catarrh and coughs can all be helped by the used of cedarwood essential oil in preparations.
It is said to reduce anxiety and help prevent nightmares.
ANALYSIS:
Beta Himachalene 50.2%, Alpha Himachalene 18.1%, Gamma Himachalene 11.6%, Trans
alpha atlantone 2.0%, Delta Cadinene 1.6%.
CHAMOMILE ROMAN (Chamaemelum
nobile)/Asteraceae
Aroma:
Bright, crisp, sweet, fruity, herbaceous.
Familiar to all as Chamomile Tea this
gentle oil is known as the womans oil calming outbursts of temper. Distilled from double headed flowers it has a
light, refreshing aroma. Roman chamomile is both soothing and calming and
useful for insomnia.
Depression is often accompanied by
inflammatory conditions because of a chemical link so treat the one and the other
can be improved. Good for sensitive, dry
skin, its anti-inflammatory action soothes irritated skin, eczema, acne, nappy
rash, puritis and burns. In compresses, baths, application or massage, it helps
stomach disorders and restores appetites. Also beneficial for muscular cramps
and the inflammation in rheumatism and arthritis. It helps relieve menstrual
problems, premenstrual stress and menopausal symptoms.
Roman chamomile is beneficial to
frustration, panic, grief and forgetfulness.
Evidence:
Chamomile has a beneficial effect in skincare, chamomile has a stimulant
effect on the CNS. Research shows
chamomile may provide clinically meaningful antidepressant activity that occurs
in addition to its previously observed anxiolytic activity.
ANALYSIS: angelate disobutyl + methacrylate
d'isoamyle 33.6%, angelate d'methyllallyle 7.9%, angelate de 2 methylbutyl
4.4%, angelate d'isoamyle 15.3%, t-pinocarveol 4.2%
CLARY-SAGE (Salvia sclarea)/Lamiaceae
Aroma:
Bright, earthy, herbaceous, with a subtle fruity note.
Salvia means health. Schlarea means clear.
Clary is short for clear eye. This beautiful plant is to be found growing high
up in the Alps. The oil, which has a strong, distinct aroma, is distilled from
the whole of the impressive flowering stem which grows up to 1.5 metres in
height. It is an excellent nerve tonic and powerful relaxant.
Clary is helpful for haemorrhoids and
varicose veins when used in a carrier. Soothing and
regenerative for the skin, it helps to
combat cellular ageing and preserve moisture in dry, mature skin by compresses
or application.
When used in inhalations, vaporisers,
compresses, baths or massage clary sage essential oil has a calming effect, and
can help reduce high blood pressure.
Uplifting for depression and excellent for
regulating hormones it is consequently most useful for women’s problems such as
premenstrual syndrome, irregular periods, infertility and associated irregularities.
Emotionally, clary sage soothes
excitability, fear and grief. It lifts despair and helps to prevent nightmares.
Evidence:
Aromatic oil massage with clary sage provided relief for outpatients
with primary dysmenorrhea and reduced the duration of menstrual pain.
CAUTION: Continuous inhalation may cause
sleepiness and its use is recommended at the end of the day. Do not take
alcohol after a treatment as the effects of the alcohol will be enhanced. This
plant should never be confused with sage (Salvia officinalis) which has
different properties.
ANALYSIS: Linalyl acetate 64.9%, Linalol 21.6%,
Germacene D 2.0%, Borneol 2.1%, Beta caryophyllene 1.5%.
CYPRESS (Cupressus sempervirens)/Cupressaceae
Aroma:
Fresh, herbaceous, slightly woody, evergreen aroma.
Cypress oil is distilled from the leaves,
twigs and cones of the Cyprus tree and has a woody, clear and dry fragrance.
In application to the skin, it is
astringent and soothing, helping to regulate production of sebum and reduce
perspiration, including the feet. Effective in the treatment of varicose veins
and haemorrhoids, it can help relieve menopausal spotting and can help staunch
excessive blood losses, especially after childbirth.
Cypress essential oil is calming as well as
being helpful to nervous debility, soothing attacks of diarrhoea when used in
baths or application. Its antispasmodic properties are helpful against cramp.
Cypress is helpful against frustration,
irritability and indecision. It is reputed to clear the mind of grief and it
certainly helps induce sleep.
Evidence: Cypress shows a CNS depressant
effect reducing anxiety.
ANALYSIS: a pinene 48.0%, b 3 carene, 15.8%, terpenyl
acetate 4.0%, gernacrene d 2.2% myrcene 2.8%
FRANKINCENSE (Boswellia carteri, B.
frereana, B. serrata)/Burseraceae
Aroma:
Fresh, woody, balsamic, slightly spicy and fruity.
This small tree has grown wild in the red
sea area and north East Africa and its resin collected since the end of the
last Ice Age. The essential oil, which is sometimes called olibanum, is
obtained by the distillation of the resin; its sweet, slightly spicy aroma has
a calming effect conducive to concentration and meditation. Frankincense oil automatically deepens
breathing.
Most Boswellia Frereana from Somalia goes
to Saudi Arabia for the Haj pilgrims.
Bosellia Carterii from Somalia and Boswellia Serrata from India have
different chemistry.
Burnt as incense in ancient Egypt the smoke
from frankincense is sweet and has always formed an important part of social
and religious ceremony. In ancient Rome
the Emperor Nero is said to have burned many tonnes of Frankincese resin at the
funeral of his wife.
When used in baths or massage it helps dry
skin and mature complexions and is extremely effective in the treatment of
wounds and subsequent scars. It is helpful against coughs, laryngitis, asthma
and bronchitis and is an immunostimulant, also relieving depression. A most
useful oil emotionally, frankincense soothes anger, irritability and
frustration, and relieves grief and confusion.
Evidence:
aroma hand massage with a blend containing frankincense had a positive
effect on pain and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer;
ANALYSIS: (Boswellia carterii) a pinene+ a thujene 44.3%, sabinene 8.3%, limonene 6.0%,
myrcene 5.4%, viridifloral 3.6%
GERANIUM (Pelargonium
graveolens)/Geranaceae
Aroma:
Floral, fresh, sweet, with a fruity note.
Geraniums are grown commercially in France,
Egypt, Morocco, China and the Reunion Islands the latter being known as
geranium Bourbon. Distilled from the leaves the oil has a rich, sweet fragrance.
Geranium oil reduces inflammation in arthritis and is an excellent antiseptic
for acne and dry eczema. Its astringent properties are effective in the control
of herpes, mouth ulcers, diarrhea and gastroenteritis, as well as varicose
veins and haemorrhoids. Circulation of the lymph is improved by the use of
geranium oil, assisting in the elimination of waste products, therefore it also
helps in the relief of fluid retention and cellulite.
Its antispasmodic action is helpful for
cramp and its healing action on burns and wounds is well known. It has been
found to be of use in calming overaggressive sporting teenagers. Used in
inhalations, vaporisers, baths, application and massage it alleviates stress
and anxiety, and emotionally, it lifts the spirits from despair and lethargy.
ANALYSIS:
citronellol
26.3%, citronellyl forniate 16.9%, geraniol 11.3%, linalol 6.7%, isomenthone +
a copaene 7.8%
GINGER (Zingiber officinale)/Zingiberaceae
Aroma:
Warm, spicy, earthy, woody.
The ginger plant is indigenous to the West
Indies and the essential oil is won by steam distilling the dried and crushed
rhizomes. It has a clear, neutral colour and an aroma similar to that of the spice
but without the ‘hotness’.
The main therapeutic use of ginger
essential oil is with respect to the digestive tract and its attendant problems
and conditions. It is stomachic, carminative, antiseptic and stimulating, and acts
as a tonic in the treatment of fatigue and impotence.
Its analgesic and warming properties are
also effective in cases of muscular pain, sciatica and rheumatism. Ginger is
also used with Peppermint to relieve post operative nausea.
ANALYSIS:
Germacrene
+ zingiberene + bisabolene + geraniol 39.34%, sesquiphellandrene + curcumene
17.5%.
GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus paradisi)/Rutaceae
Aroma:
Citrusy. Characteristic pleasant tangy like grapefruit, but sweet.
Originating in tropical Asia and the West
Indies, the grapefruit tree is now cultivated mainly in Northern and South
America. The yellow oil is obtained by cold expression of the peel and has a
sweet, citrus aroma. Grapefruit is a
perfectly safe oil due to its non-toxic and non-irritating properties. It is
effective in caring for oily skin and acne and helpful in the relief of
anxiety, stress, tension and associated headaches, due to its uplifting
properties. Circulatory problems such as muscle fatigue, obesity, cellulite and
water retention can be helped by regular use of this oil in baths or massages.
All citrus oils should be kept
refrigerated. Grapefruit oils can be
contaminated with pesticides and it is best to use organic oils. Research has
shown Grapefruit may prolong the effectiveness of medications by slowing their
elimination from the body. If on medication it is best to check before
massage. There is no such effect with inhalation.
Evidence:
Research shows a CNS depressive effect reducing anxiety. The scent of
grapefruit oil, and particularly its primary component d limonene, affects
autonomic nerves, enhances lipolysis through a histaminergic response, and may
reduce appetite and so body weight.
ANALYSIS:
Limonene
94.5%, myrcene 1.9%, octanol .3%, decanol 0.3% sabinene 0.3% nookatone 0.38%
JASMINE ABSOLUTE (Jasminum
grandiflorum)/Oleaceae
Aroma:
Warm, floral, exotic.
Jasmine oil derived from India has a sweet
aroma. Egyptian Jasmine has an earthier fragrance. It
is a key birthing oil and has been found to reduce the likelihood of post birth
depression or “baby blues” when the mother can be overwhelmed by the tasks and
responsibilities of motherhood. Jasmine
oil is not an essential oil, but an absolute, extracted from the small, white
flowers by using a solvent. The Indian oil has a rich, sweet, floral odour with
a delightful herbaceous undertone.
Jasmine is valuable in the treatment of
nervous disorders such as apathy, depression and nerve debility as it is both
sedative and uplifting. Use only high
quality jasmine; poor qualities can affect sensitive skin due to the
chemicals added during production
Jasmine combines well with a drop of Ylang
Ylang.
Evidence: the stimulating/activating effect
of jasmine oil and provides evidence for its use in aromatherapy for the relief
of depression and uplifting mood in humans;
ANALYSIS: squalene oxide 11.6%, squalene 7.8%, t-phytol
8.7%, benzyl acetate 6.1%, benzyl benzoate 6.1%
LAVANDER (Lavandula officinalis)/Lamiaceae
Aroma:
Lavender oil is floral, fresh, sweet, herbaceous and sometimes slightly
fruity. It can be slightly camphorous.
This plant is a native of southern Europe
and the Mediterranean countries, though it’s a hybrid relation, lavandin, is
more extensively grown. The Lavender in the French Pharmacopia for therapeutic
use is Lavender Angustifolia Miller known as population lavender. True lavender oil, which is obtained by steam
distillation of the flowering tops of the plant, is non-toxic and has a full
flowery aroma. The Bulgarian grown lavender has a sweet smell. The aroma
of lavandin is usually more camphoraceous. Tuscan lavender has a refreshing
topnote.
Known for its soothing and uplifting
properties, lavender alleviates stress and depression and is helpful for easing
headaches and insomnia as well as lowering blood pressure. As an antiseptic, it
is effective in the treatment of colds, flu, sinusitis and respiratory problems
in general. A relaxing oil, Lavender can promote sleep and
relaxation particular combined with vetiver.
Used in masks, compresses, baths or
application, lavender promotes healthy skin, heals wounds and is effective in
the treatment of acne, eczema, dandruff, nappy rash and athlete’s foot. It soothes
burns and insect bites and helps prevent scarring. Like peppermint lavender oil
is ingested in capsules for medical conditions.
Used in baths, application or massage it
gives relief from muscular aches and pains and
rheumatism. Essential oil of lavender has a
calming and balancing effect, promotes menstrual regularity, helps
pre-menstrual and menopausal symptoms and alleviates thrush.
There is a story that the French scientist
Gattefose who coined the term aromatherapy and put the study of the therapeutic
properties of essential oils on a scientific basis was alerted to the
therapeutic properties of Lavender by a laboratory accident. He is said
to have plunged his burned hand into a vat of lavender oil which happened to be
nearby. He noticed immediately the analgesic properties of lavender as
the pain was reduced and the wound healed without the usual scarring.
Tisserand reports that Gattefosse in fact
used lavender oil to heal himself of gas
gangrene which infected his burnt hand. A very impressive treatment as
gangrene can be fatal.
Evidence:
the relaxing effect of a mixture of lavender and bergamot oils. This
synergistic blend provides evidence for its use in medicine for treating
depression or anxiety in humans. The use
of antibiotics has resulted in fewer combat amputations and the traditional use
of lavender oil in dressing wounds and burns has fallen into disuse. Lavender
oil is prescribed in capsules for a variety of disorders.
ANALYSIS:
Linalol
43.1%, linalol acetate 34.3%, octonone 1.7%, a santalene 0.5%, camphor 0.8%
LEMON (Citrus limon)/Rutaceae
Aroma:
Characteristic. Similar to fresh
lemon rinds except richer and more concentrated.
The lemon tree is a native of the East but
is now cultivated extensively in Mediterranean
countries and the Americas. The
essential oil, extracted by cold expression of the peel, is pale yellow in
colour. One of the most useful essential oils, it is most effective in the
treatment of digestive disorders as it regulates stomach acidity. Regular use
of lemon in baths or massage helps to control acne, greasy skin and herpes. It
is also effective in the treatment of verrucas, corns and warts.
Lemon oil is a strong, non-toxic antiseptic
for colds, coughs, flu and sore throats when used in baths, gargles or massage.
It can bring relief to those suffering with arthritis or rheumatism on account
of its anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to lower high blood pressure and
stimulate poor circulation. Emotionally, lemon oil may relieve guilt and resentment.
Evidence: Lemon oil lowers systolic blood
pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity.
CAUTION: May cause dermal irritation on
very sensitive skins, especially if exposed to sunlight, as Citrus oils are a
weak photosensitiser.
ANALYSIS:
Limonene
66.8%, beta pinene 12.0%, Gamma terpinene 8.3%, Alpha pinene + alpha thujene
2.3%, Geranial 1.6%.
LIME (Citrus aurantifolia)/Rutaceae
Aroma: Fresh, citrusy, sweet, slightly
tart.
Refreshing, rejuvenating, clarifying. This is a useful workplace oil to diffuse for
its refreshing aroma.
ANALYSIS: Limonene 55.8%, y terpinene 13.8%, b pinene
10.5%, geranial 2.4%, a pinene and g thujene 2.5%
MANDARIN (Citrus reticulata)/Rutaceae
Aroma:
Very sweet, citrusy, fruity.
Originating in China, this evergreen tree
grows up to six metres high, bearing shiny, waxy leaves, fragrant flowers and
fleshy fruit. Mandarin oil is obtained by cold expression of the peel; it is
pale orange in colour with a very sweet, citrus aroma.
Mandarin has excellent calming properties,
being particularly good for insomnia and excitability, when used in
application, baths or massage. It is also a good digestive oil for stomach
pains, indigestion and constipation and has a stimulating effect on the stomach
and liver. Due to its gentle action it
is ideal for use on children and pregnant women. Fluid retention, obesity and
fatigue can all benefit from the use of mandarin oil, and like lemon oil can help
relieve guilt and resentment.
ANALYSIS: Limonene 73.1%, y terpinene 16.8%, a pinene +
a thujene 2.4%, b pinene 1.3%, p cymene 0.7%
MARJORAM, SWEET (Origanum
majorana)/Lamiaceae
Aroma:
Herbaceous, sweet, woody, with a camphorous, medicinal aroma.
A native of Europe and central Asia, this
plant yields a sweet smelling essential oil under
distillation of the leaves and flowering
heads. The oil’s warm and soothing properties were well known to the ancient
Egyptians, who used it for healing and overcoming grief.
Sweet marjoram is calming and comforting to
the mind, helpful in the treatment of tension, anxiety, irritability and
hysteria. It is effective in alleviating headaches, reducing insomnia and lowering
blood pressure.
The warming, analgesic and antispasmodic
properties of sweet marjoram are effective in reducing menstrual pains, and
alleviating arthritis and rheumatism. It also regularises thyroid activity. A noted anaphrodiasiac used by monks and nuns
to improve study.
ANALYSIS:
Terpinen
4 ol 23.4%, c thujanol4 + linalyl acetate 18.4%, y terpinene 13.8%, a terpinene
8.4%, sabinene 7.1%
MELISSA (Melissa officinalis)/Lamiaceae
Aroma:
Fresh, lemony, herbaceous.
Originating in southern Europe, but quite
common in Britain, Melissa is a small perennial herb. The oil is distilled from the leaves before
the plant flowers and has a fresh, sweet, lemon fragrance. True Melissa eases
digestive disorders such as indigestion and nausea, it is used is compresses or
inhalation. It helps relieve anxiety, headaches, tension and insomnia; it also
lowers high blood pressure and relieves palpitations.
An excellent oil for women, baths,
application and massage will ease painful periods and PMS and by its hormonal
action it regulates the menstrual cycle, which can assist conception. True Melissa
can also relieve eczema and other skin problems by its anti-inflammatory
action. It is soothing and uplifting to
the mind, only low concentrations being needed to reduce irritability or lift
despair and lethargy.
Evidence:
The Companion to Primary Care Mental Health 2012 p495 refers to
increasing evidence that Melissa essential oil being of use in the treatment of
low intensity arousal and agitation. The latest conclusion is that “When
assessed using a rigorous design which ensures blinding of treatment arms,
there is no evidence that melissa aromatherapy is superior to placebo or
donepezil, in the treatment of agitation in people with Alzheimer's disease.
However, the sizeable improvement in the placebo group emphasizes the potential
non-specific benefits of touch and interaction in the treatment of agitation in
people with Alzheimer's disease.”
ANALYSIS:
b-caryophyllene 23.6%, germacrene 33.3%, a limulene+ neral 16.5%,
geranyl acetate 2.4%, cadinene 1.8%
NEROLI (Citrus aurantium amara –
flos)/Rutaceae
Aroma:
Intensely floral, citrusy, sweet and exotic.
The bitter orange tree is grown mainly in
Northern Africa and Spain. It bears small, white, star-shaped flowers at the
leaf axils.
Neroli is the name given to the essential
oil of the bitter orange flowers, which are hand picked just as they are
beginning to open. It is obtained by steam distillation and has a unique
bitter/sweet odour with a spicy undertone (‘Orange
blossom’ oil is an absolute, obtained in the same way as rose absolute). Neroli
oil is used extensively in the manufacture of colognes and toilet waters. Neroli oil is extremely helpful in the
treatment of many types of skin problems such as varicose veins, broken
capillaries and irritated patches. The
essential oil has particular therapeutic benefit in nerve related disorders
such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, insomnia and excitability.
Evidence: Research does not confirm neroli
has an anxiety reducing effect. Neroli clearly is a pleasurable
fragrance. Neroli has neither a CNS stimulating or depressant effect.
ANALYSIS: b pinene 16.4%, limonene 18.1%,
linalol 28.8%, t b ocimene + a g terpinene 8.8%
ORANGE SWEET (Citrus sinensis)/Rutaceae
Aroma:
Citrusy, sweet, reminiscent of orange peels, but more concentrated.
The sweet orange tree originates in China. The
former is grown extensively in America and also many Mediterranean countries. The essential oil is obtained by cold
expression of the ripe outer peel. The Orange sweet oil has a fresh, fruity
aroma. The oil is non-toxic. Strengthening, stimulating and enlivening.
Used in gargles, mouthwashes, compresses
and massage, these oils are excellent digestive stimulants, improving the
appetite, helping constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence and mouth ulcers. Bronchitis,
asthma and hay fever can be helped by inhalation, baths or application, as can
dull and oily skins.
Evidence:
Research focuses on odour uses. Orange
oil shows a CNS Depressive effect reducing anxiety. Drawn is the related Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium var amara) which gives us Bitter Orange oil (from the fruit) used in
bakery for Marzipan, and useful for nightmares, Petitgrain (from the leaves and
branches) and Neroli (from the flower).
CAUTION: Orange sweet oil should not be
used on very sensitive skins immediately before being exposed to strong
sunlight, as Citrus oils can be weak photosensitisers.
ANALYSIS: Limonene 95.8%, myrcene 1.9%, linalol
0.5%, a pinene 0.5%, sabinene 0.2%
PETITGRAIN (Citrus auantium amara)/Rutaceae
Aroma:
Fresh, woody, and slightly floral.
Petitgrain is the name given to the
essential oil won by steam distillation of the leaves of the bitter orange
tree. Such trees are cultivated on a large scale in Italy, Paraguay, Brazil and
Northern Africa.
Therapeutically, petitgrain is a
particularly good relaxant, being calming to the nervous system. Its
anti-inflammatory properties make it useful against acne and oedema and it is
also antispasmodic. Emotionally, it is
indicated for panic, irritability and resentment and is helpful against forgetfulness.
ANALYSIS:
linalol
20.4%, linalyl acetate 50.1%, geranyl acetate 4.3%, geraniol 3.3%. A terpineol
+ terpenyl acetate 6.3%
PALMAROSA (Cymbopogon martini)/Poaceae
Aroma:
Fresh, floral, sweet.
A species of grass in the lemon grass genus
best known by the common name palmarosa. Other common names include Indian
geranium and rosha or rosha grass. Balancing, toning and
moisturising. Madagascan
Palmarosa essential oil has more floral and
spicy overtones than the Indian variety. Its unique fragrance is equally loved
by both men and women.
ANALYSIS: geraniol 77%, geranyl acetate 11.8%, t b
ocimene 2.6%, linalol 3.0%, b caryophyllene + a humulene 1.3%
PATCHOULI (Pogostemon patchouli)/Lamiaceae
Aroma:
Rich, earthy, woody aroma with a nearly hidden fruity note.
Patchouli is a small, leafy shrub which
grows mainly in the Far East – Indonesia, China – and on the island of
Madagascar. The essential oil is obtained be steam distillation of the young
leaves, which are first dried. It is a dark, viscous oil with a strong balsamic
odour and spicy undertones. A ‘base note’ in perfumes, mixed with Almond oil it
makes an attractive perfume on its own.
Patchouli oil is particularly helpful as an
immunostimulant, when it is a valuable tonic used in massage, inhalation and
baths. It is also effective in the treatment of damaged skin, especially cracks,
sores, wounds and scars. It is also helpful against haemorrhoids and varicose
veins and its anti-inflammatory action calms
inflamed skin and eczema.
Emotionally, patchouli balances mood
swings, reduces irritability and lifts despair and
despondency.
ANALYSIS: patchoulol 30.0%, seychellene, a patchoulene, g gurjunene
12.0%, b patcholene 2.2%, a bulnesene 19.6%, pogostol 2.4%
.
PEPPERMINT (Mentha piperita)/Labiatae
Aroma:
Minty, reminiscent of peppermint sweets, but more concentrated. More
fragrant than spearmint.
A product of northern temperate climates, some
of the best peppermint plants grown elsewhere in the world originated in
Mitcham, England. The essential oil is distilled from the whole plant and its
sharp, refreshing aroma is easily recognised.
Peppermint and Spearmint find use in sweets and gums to aid
concentration. Peppermint makes a
stimulating tea. Like lavender,
peppermint is ingested in capsules for medical conditions.
Used in gargles, compresses or application,
it is highly effective for treating sickness and nausea; it also relieves
acidity, heartburn, diarrhoea, indigestion and flatulence. Respiratory problems
such as coughs and colds, sinusitis, throat infection, asthma and bronchitis
can be relieved effectively by the use of peppermint in inhalations, baths or
application as can congestive headaches. Its cooling and cleansing properties
help soothe itchy skin and inflammation when well diluted, which makes it
helpful in the treatment of varicose veins and haemorrhoids.
Avoid before bedtime as this is a
stimulating oil.
Essential oil of peppermint used in baths,
application or massage, encourages menstrual regularity; and during the
menopause, relief can be obtained from hot flushes.
CAUTION: Because of its powerful aroma and
effects, the recommended dilution must be kept to. Keep eyes closed when inhaling (not
recommended for small children).
ANALYSIS: menthone 22.8%, menthofurone 4.1%, menthol
37.1%, mentyl acetate 5.0%, isomenthane 3.8%, cineole 5.2%
ROSE OTTO (Rosa damescena)/Rosaceae
Aroma:
Characteristic. Strongly floral,
sweet.
Rose otto is obtained from the petals of
the rose by hydro distillation, requiring several kilos of petals to yield a
few ml of oil.
Therapeutically, rose otto is a safe
all-rounder. Because of its antiseptic properties, it is effective in healing
skin disorders such as cuts, wounds and other skin problems. Suitable for inhalation it should be avoided
in self made hand creams because of its eugenol content.
Rose otto is valuable against debility and
depression. It is especially indicated in woman’s problems, including irregular
periods, PMS, womb impurities and sterility.
Emotionally, rose otto is a heart warming
oil ideal for repairing trust and confidence issues in relationship failure or
minor relationship annoyances. Helpful
against where anger, jealousy or guilt are affecting the health.
Rose Absolute is obtained by solvent
extraction. It is cheaper to produce than Rose Otto.
Evidence:
Inhalation of rose oil can reduce stress induced disruption of the skin
barrier.
ANALYSIS: citronellol + nerol 36.5%,
geraniol 22.3%, phenyl ethl alcohol 0.3%, eugenol 0.6%, methyl eugenol 0.3%,
heptadecane C17 3.9%, nonadecane C19 11.1%, linelcosane C21 3.8%, b carophilen
0.5%
ROSEMARY (Rosmarinus officinalis)/Lamiaceae
Aroma:
Fresh, herbaceous, sweet, slightly medicinal.
A native of the Mediterranean region, this
romantic herb yields its oil from the flowering tops under steam distillation.
Stimulating and decongesting, rosemary oil
promotes blood circulation, particularly to the brain, so clearing the mind,
relieving tension and giving a feeling of well being. Its antiseptic properties
relieve coughs, colds and flu. These qualities make it beneficial to the skin
and help to prevent dandruff and hair loss. Its use in compresses, application
or massage is particularly effective for indigestion, flatulence and
constipation.
Rosemary can be effective in regulating the
menstrual cycle; its hormonal effects are conducive to conception and helpful
before the menopause. Its gentle analgesic properties relieve general aches and
pains, sprains and arthritis when used in baths, application or massage.
Evidence:
improved anti aging cognitive effects of using rosemary oil
CAUTION: Rosemary is a stimulating
oil. Avoid in pregnancy. Avoid
using if you suffer from high blood pressure.
ANALYSIS:
cineole
46.4%, b pinene 6.5%, camphene 4.8%, a pinene 12.6%, camphor 10.6%
SANDALWOOD (Santalum album)/Santalaceae
Aroma:
Rich, sweet, fragrant yet delicate, woody, floral.
A warming and relaxing oil. Woodchips are burned by middle eastern brides to relax their husbands on honeymoon. One of the great oils for skincare it finds its way into soap. Sandalwood oil from sustainable plantations in New Caledonia is noted for its consistency. Australian sandalwood is also available.
The sandalwood tree is a native of
India. Sandalwood essential oil is
distilled from the wood, mainly from the heartwood and roots but also from off
cuts and chips, after the best wood is used for furniture making. Its sweet,
woody aroma is most pleasant and therapeutic. Being antiseptic, calming and
soothing, it relieves sore throats, dry coughs and chronic bronchitis.
Used in compresses, application or massage,
sandalwood is beneficial for dry, mature or wrinkled skin. It therefore helps
in the treatment of dandruff and eczema, relieving many allergenic skin conditions.
Important in the treatment of genitor-urinary systems, essential oil of
sandalwood helps in the treatment of infections, including cystitis.
Sandalwood oil is effective for digestive
disorders such as heartburn and nausea, especially morning sickness. It is
cardiotonic, assisting in circulatory problems such as haemorrhoids and
varicose veins, which are soothed by compresses or application in a carrier. It
is also a sexual tonic.
An emotionally balancing oil, sandalwood
calms agitation and panic, lifts despair and controls mood swings.
ANALYSIS:
c a
santalol 45.2%, c b santalol 18.4%, c lancerol 9.4%, t a bergamotol 6.2%, e b
santalol 3.5%
VETIVER (Vetiveria zizanioides)/Poaceae
Aroma:
Woody, smokey, earthy, herbaceous and spicy.
This perennial grass is native to tropical Asia. It is now cultivated in Indonesia, Brazil, Angola and
the Far East. The clear, yellow essential oil is extracted from the dried root
by steam distillation.
Toil of
restfulness. its a pretty thick oil so we add a slightly wider dropper to
the bottle. You also can try warming the bottle and carrier in a little hot
water. Some therapists find that vetiver is more effective than lavender for dealing with anxiety and
sleeplessness.
Vetiver carries
less emotional charge so it can be better for hospital use for example with
families experiencing cancer. It makes an ideal base note to a blend. It has a
strong earthy and complex smelling aroma. You need a whiff of coffee to clear
the nose if you are blending so leave it to last as it is described as woody,
smokey, earthy, herbaceous and spicy all in one oil. So a little goes a long
way!
Vetiver has excellent antiseptic and tonic
properties, being useful as an immunostimulant and in the treatment of acne and
other skin infections. It is also helpful for irregular periods.
CAUTION:
Use sparingly. One drop to a
blend.
ANALYSIS:
b
vetyvenene 5.9%, khusimol + b vertivone 9.9%, a vetivone 3.1%, isovalencenol
4.6%, zizanoic acid 4.2%, valencene 1.6%
YLANG YLANG (Cananga odorata)/Anonceae
Aroma:
Fresh, floral, sweet, slightly fruity, fragrant yet delicate.
Ylang Ylang
Complete (Cananga Odorata): the oil of harmony. Ylang is a clear oil and
part of every aromatherapists tool kit. Ylang 'Complete' consists of the
whole distillation while Ylang 'Extra' is the product of the first 30 minutes
or so's distillation. Ylang I, II. III are used by the specialist
perfumery trade. Another
calming oil useful for anxiety and relaxation and noted for this reason as an
aphrodisiac. Relaxation is not the same as sedation. The action of
the oil might be better described as harmonisation. The oil appears to open the
mind to joyous thoughts.
Ylang is
particularly useful as besides blending well with Jasmine it blends well with
citrus top notes creating a harmonious whole. Try it. Add bergamot
and other top note oils to the carrier base first. The result is
sharp. If a drop of ylang is added to this the aroma becomes a deeper
pleasant harmonious whole. Ylang makes an ideal middle to base note to
add to a blend. It has a fresh, floral, sweet, slightly fruity, fragrant
smelling aroma. The benzyl acetate content of the oil helps stretch the
experience of a jasmine blend which midwives find is so useful for mothers
after giving birth. A little Ylang oil goes a long way so use it
sparingly in blends as some people can experience headaches when inhaling it.
Evidence: Research shows
that ylang-ylang oil may be characterized by the concept of
"harmonization" rather than relaxation/sedation. Compared to an
odorless placebo, ylang-ylang oil caused significant decreases in blood
pressure and pulse rate as well as significant increases of subjective
attentiveness and alertness.
ANALYSIS:
t t a
farnasene + geranyl acetate 14.7%, d cadinene 5.0%, benzyl benzoate 7.5%, b
caryophyllene and methyl benzoate 18.3%, germacrene d + benzyl acetate 16.6%,
linalol 5.0%
About Carriers
Anything that ‘carries’ an essential oil
into the body is known in aromatherapy as a carrier. The carrier in inhalation
is air; in the bath it is the water; in massage it is the vegetable oil. If
essential oils are added to a lotion or cream for self-application, then each
of these is acting as a carrier.
Vegetable oils, macerated oil and white
lotion are the most common carriers for application to the body. Cold pressed, unrefined oils are best, as
they retain all their natural, vital and beneficial properties which, although
not as powerful as those of the essential oils, are still desirable in a
treatment.
A lotion is absorbed immediately, leaving
grease-free, smooth skin.
It is vital that the carrier is of an
equally high quality as the essential oils which you use, as it makes up at
least 95% of the mix and can dramatically affect the quality of the blend.
The Carrier Oils
ALOE VERA GEL
Aloe Vera Gel is an important carrier for
essential oils.
ALMOND SWEET
Sweet almond oil is one of the most useful
carrier oils and is excellent for the protection of the skin, being emollient,
nourishing and softening.
APRICOT KERNEL/PEACH
These oils are similar to each other and
are rich in vitamins. Natural moisturisers, they are excellent for feeding the
skin, and are immediately absorbed.
AVOCADO
A rich oil, invaluable o add to a base
vegetable oil at 10-25%. It has healing properties, and is rich in lecithin and
vitamins A, B and D. Avocado oil is expressed from the dried fruits, which
gives it its natural deep green colour. In cold weather, it may sometimes
appear cloudy, indicating that the oil has not been refined and is therefore of
good quality.
EVENING PRIMROSE
A highly beneficial oil, pressed from the
seeds, evening primrose is useful for dry, scaly skin. Rich in vitamins E and F and in GLA (gamma
linoleic acid), this excellent natural moisturiser has a regenerative effect, helping to maintain
the natural softness and suppleness of youthful skin.
GRAPESEED
Mostly available as a refined oil,
grapeseed is very fine, light, odourless and colourless. It
penetrates the skin, leaving a smooth
sating finish.
ROSEHIP
Roship is a noted regenerative oil. In combination with essential oils this makes
an effective scar care oil suitable for reducing the pain and irritation associated
with old scarring.
SUNFLOWER SEED
The oil has a lovely light texture leaving
the skin satin smooth. It is a good base for bruises and skin problems.
WHEATGERM
A very rich oil, good for dry skin. It
contains proteins, vitamins and minerals and is often added to other carrier
oils (from 10-25%) because of the natural preservative powers due to its
vitamin E content.
CARRIER OIL MIX
A synergistic blend of grapeseed, avocado
and wheatgerm, which penetrates the skin easily. The
added wheatgerm helps the keeping qualities
whilst the avocado enriches the mix.
CALENDULA (Macerated in sunflower oil)
A vegetable oil, usually sunflower oil, is
used to absorb the healing properties from flowers. The resulting oil has a
very beneficial effect on the skin, relieving eczema and protecting against chapping
and cracking.
HYPERICUM (Macerated in olive oil)
(Also known as St Johns Wort)
The flowering tops from the plant are
macerated in olive oil, producing a highly beneficial deep red oil. The colour
comes from the buds which stain the fingers red if pressed between them. Hypericum
oil is excellent for use on the skin as it is soothing and antiseptic, and
healing to burns and bruises.
JOJOBA (Liquid wax)
Jojoba is obtained from the jojoba nut and
is a very beneficial oil for all types of skin conditions, especially oily and
problem skins. It lubricates and protects without blocking pores. Being a wax, it
has an extremely long shelf life.
LIME BLOSSOM OIL (Macerated in sunflower
oil)
The flowers of the lime blossom are used to
make relaxing tea. The oil is also relaxing, aiding sleep. It is effective in
fighting mature skin and wrinkles.
MELISSA (Macerated in sunflower oil)
The second cutting of Melissa is used to
make this oil which is useful in the treatment of
headaches and dry, mature skin. With the
addition of the appropriate essential oils its benefits are increased,
especially for ‘heavy legs’ and cellulite.
NATURAL WHTE LOTION
A unique product based entirely on natural
vegetable products, this lotion has been especially formulated for aromatherapy
as a perfect carrier for essential oils. Easily absorbed, this fine light lotion
is ideal when a carrier oil is though to be too greasy or inconvenient. It is
absorbed readily into the skin, leaving a completely non-greasy, smooth
feeling. The lotion has excellent keeping qualities and can be enriched by the
addition of up to 25% of calendula or another carrier oil thought to be
beneficial.
Blending recipes
Blending ideas - Anxiety,
Panic, Depression, Agitation, Sleep, Birthing, Balancing, Cleaning
At first try dropping a
drop of each oil onto a tissue and see how you like the aroma.
Anxiety
Breathing exercises then self hand massage
Chamomile roman (Roman chamomile)
Rose (Rosa Damascena)
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana)
Panic
Breathing exercises then self hand massage
Chamomile roman (Roman chamomile)
Rose (Rosa Damascena)
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana)
Panic
Inhalation blend
Chamomile Roman (Roman chamomile)
Lavender (lavendula angustifolia)
Sweet Marjoram (origanum majorana)
Ylang Ylang (cananga odorata)
Chamomile Roman (Roman chamomile)
Lavender (lavendula angustifolia)
Sweet Marjoram (origanum majorana)
Ylang Ylang (cananga odorata)
Depression
Chamomile roman (chamaemelum nobile)
Frankincense (boswellia carterii)
Neroli (citrus aurantium vara amara)
Frankincense (boswellia carterii)
Neroli (citrus aurantium vara amara)
Agitation
Melissa dropped onto a pjama collar
Sleep
Lavender (lavendula angustifolia)
Vetiver (vetiveria zinazoides)
Birthing
Jasmine (jasminum officinalis)
Ylang Ylang (cananga odorata)
Balancing
Clary Sage (Salvia scalarea)
Rose (Rosa damascena)
Geranium (pelargonium graveolens)
Cleaning
Added to the mop bucket
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) antiseptic
Lemon (Citrus limon) degreasant
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) antiseptic
Lemon (Citrus limon) degreasant
Antiviral
Ravintsara and Ravensara mix for diffuser use
A sensory garden
It is surprisingly easy to create a satisfying sensory garden. Plants can be potted or kept in the pots provided by garden centres. Roses are an obvious favourite. For the Citrus and as a visually attractive centerpiece I recommend a Lemon plant which can be bought from garden centres and kept inside in a conservatory. All the herbaceous plants can be bought from garden centres. Calendula is very satisfying plant to keep. It will produce yellow flowers throughout the spring and summer for you to pick. A home made dry skin food oil is to place Calendula flowers in a little olive oil on the kitchen shelf in the sunlight for ten days. Strain out the plant material. Bottle and label and you are done.
A guide to safe essential oil practice in a ward environment
1)
Essential oils: Only the approved essential oils are to
be used and stored on the premises. Material Safety Data sheets are to be
obtained for each essential oil.
2)
Method of use of essential oils: Always dilute
essential oils, never use them neat or take them internally. Only use the oils
in the methods agreed and covered in training and in the dilutions specified
for each method below:
- Bath/Foot or Hand Spa: Run the bath
first, then add 4-6 drops of essential oil and swish around until dispersed.
- Massage oil: Add 2 drops of essential oil
to each 5ml or large teaspoon of vegetable carrier oil such as grapeseed or
sunflower oil.
- Hand cream/moisturiser: Add 2 drops of
essential oil to each 5ml or large teaspoon of plain lotion or moisturiser. Mix
well.
Indirect inhalation: Add a few drops of
essential oil to the vapouriser and switch on. The vapouriser only needs to be
on for up to an hour and the oils will be diffused in the air.
Burners using candles are not permitted. All
diffusers to be checked for safety.
Direct inhalation: Place 2 or 3 drops of
chosen essential oil onto tissue and put inside a pillow case at night.
Alternatively place onto a tissue or cloth and inhale deeply through the nose,
being careful not to touch directly to the skin as the oils may irritate.
Some methods such as perfume bottles may
already be blended to the correct dilution.
3)
Assessment: Before starting to use essential oil, first
assess each person and record relevant information:
- purpose
- any health considerations and possible
contra-indications eg epilepsy - avoid rosemary
- consult medical or health care
practitioners if necessary
- their chosen oils
- how to be used
- when and how often to be used
- if using self massage state clearly which
parts of the body can be massaged eg hands and face
4)
Staffing:
-Appointed staff member who is responsible
for purchasing oils and carriers, responsible for safe-keeping and over seeing
safe use of essential oils including dates they are opened and use by dates,
responsible for maintaining health and safety, doing risk assessments as
necessary and consulting aromatherapists or GP etc as necessary
-
All staff using essential oils on the ward to have completed approved
in-house training. Only designated and approved staff to blend oils and
supervise other staff to use the blends safely. List names:
5)
Recording information: Record information about the use
of aromatherapy for each person and evaluate regularly. Record any incidents or
adverse reactions
6)
State where the aromatherapy is to take place eg in
person's room, beauty salon, communal area
7)
Safe use of essential oils: Essential oils are governed
by COSHH regulations and their use in the workplace is covered by Health and
Safety at work regulations.
- Storing essential oils: Store essential
oils and blends in a locked cupboard or fridge away from heat and light. Use
the essential oils within 1-2 years once opened and and within 3 months once
blended. Qualified access only. When in use do not leave the blends unattended.
-Labelling: Label all bottles and blends
with the name of the person who will use it, the essential oils used, the
carrier, proportion of the blend and the date.
- Essential oils and blends to be prepared
in well-ventilated area. Spillage to be cleared up immediately and area
well-ventilated
8)
First Aid Procedures:
- Accidents – record as health and safety
incident
- If essential oils are swallowed treat in
same way as when person takes other harmful substances and seek medical advice.
- Accidental spillage or irritation to the
skin or eyes. Irrigate with milk or carrier oil, then rinse with plenty of
fresh water and seek medical advice if necessary.
Neuroscience
We all take care of our mental health in the same way that we care for our
bodily and dental hygiene. However the
pressures of modern life and the mental strain which goes with it mean
depression and mental illness can unexpectedly affect the best of us.
Neuroscientists
seek to understand how the brain underpins our behaviour, thoughts and
feelings. The interface between
neuroscience and mental healthcare is an expanding one.
Neuroscientific or genetic evidence has established that certain people are more likely than others to commit crimes. Such decisions inevitably involve assessing the risk of reoffending, and risk assessment is a notoriously imprecise enterprise. The 2003 Criminal Justice Act introduced the concept of indeterminate sentence for public protection, by March 2011 there were 6,550 people in prison under the terms of these provisions. It seems at least possible that neuroscientific or genetic evidence might be able to reduce the risk of getting these decisions wrong.
The law has a good record of taking science on board – the most obvious recent example being the use of DNA testing. There is no reason to doubt that it will do the same with neuroscientific evidence, and equally good reason to believe that neuroscience will provide some important revelations about human behaviour within the foreseeable future.
Neuroscientific or genetic evidence has established that certain people are more likely than others to commit crimes. Such decisions inevitably involve assessing the risk of reoffending, and risk assessment is a notoriously imprecise enterprise. The 2003 Criminal Justice Act introduced the concept of indeterminate sentence for public protection, by March 2011 there were 6,550 people in prison under the terms of these provisions. It seems at least possible that neuroscientific or genetic evidence might be able to reduce the risk of getting these decisions wrong.
The law has a good record of taking science on board – the most obvious recent example being the use of DNA testing. There is no reason to doubt that it will do the same with neuroscientific evidence, and equally good reason to believe that neuroscience will provide some important revelations about human behaviour within the foreseeable future.
Essential oils
have many other uses than in hygiene and food and the treatment of illness or
infection. Above all they are important in maintaining wellbeing, improving
mental and physical resilience and our willingness and desire to communicate.
Our sense of smell
is atracting increasing attention from Researchers interested in how our genes
respond to our environment and how essential oils can be used, with good
science and case reports, for care purposes.
Neuroscience – the evidence
Science is increasing providing the reasoning behind the evident effects on mood of essential oils. The effect is at a cellular level going so far as to ‘switch off’ the 100 or so genes responsible for the chemistry of an ‘angry’ response. This is an example of articles to be found on the Pubmed database
Evaluation of the effects of plant-derived essential
oils on central nervous system function using discrete shuttle-type conditioned
avoidance response in mice.
Source
Biological
Imaging and Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Measurement and
Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
umechan2@nies.go.jp
Abstract
Although
plant-derived essential oils (EOs) have been used to treat various mental
disorders, their central nervous system (CNS) acting effects have not been
clarified. The present study compared the effects of 20 kinds of EOs with the
effects of already-known CNS acting drugs to examine whether the EOs exhibited
CNS stimulant-like effects, CNS depressant-like effects, or neither. All agents
were tested using a discrete shuttle-type conditioned avoidance task in mice.
Essential oils of peppermint and chamomile exhibited CNS stimulant-like effects;
that is, they increased the response rate (number of shuttlings/min) of the
avoidance response. Linden also increased the response rate, however, the
effect was not dose-dependent. In contrast, EOs of orange, grapefruit, and
cypress exhibited CNS depressant-like effects; that is, they decreased the
response rate of the avoidance response. Essential oils of eucalyptus and rose
decreased the avoidance rate (number of avoidance responses/number of avoidance
trials) without affecting the response rate, indicating that they may exhibit
some CNS acting effects. Essential oils of 12 other plants, including juniper,
patchouli, geranium, jasmine, clary sage, neroli, lavender, lemon, ylang-ylang,
niaouli, vetivert and frankincense had no effect on the avoidance response in
mice.
PUBMED
Sensory Training – a program for the Day
09.00
|
coffee, welcome and introductions
|
09.10
|
Feedback
|
The roots of emotion and motivation. How aromas work directly on the brain
through olfaction and the limbic system.
Why use aroma? What is the evidence that they are effective?
|
|
11.05am
|
Coffee Break
|
11.20
|
Safe use of oils
|
10 Safety rules for practice
|
|
11.40
|
The elements of wellbeing. Mindfulness session with the smells
|
12.15
|
Finding out activating and soothing
smells
Same practice as we would do with women
|
12.40
|
Lunch
|
13.30
|
Aromachemistry – stimulating terpenes,
relaxing alcohols and esters – aromachemistry in three minutes. Introducing the 3 ways we are going to use
aromas for wellbeing: Skin care, perfume and shower/baths. Practise arousal
and distress responses.
Practice safe space and relaxation/low
stim
Safe storage and practice
Small groups to think through this in own
environments.
|
15.00
|
Coffee Break
|
15.15
|
Sensory signatures
Key areas
|
15.45
|
Hand massage Mixing of essential oils
into hand cream
|
16.15
|
Review of the day
|
16.30
|
Finish
|
During a study day we introduce many fascinating ‘aromafacts’ from our own and colleagues nearly 40
years involvement with essential oils. We
firmly believe that a simple grasp of the chemistry of these oil mixtures not
only cements the learning but also enables health professionals and hobbyists
to use the oils with confidence.
As one exercise in
the day I promise a grasp of aroma chemistry (stimulating terpenes, relaxing
alcohols) in three minutes. It can be
done!
You can contact the author Ian Brealey at IanBrealey@aol.com
Edwards Centre, The Horsefair, Hinckley,
Leicestershire, LE10 0AN
T: 01455 612000 F: 01455 613000.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)