Aromatherapy Workshop
Introduction to Aromatherapy
Definition
Aromatherapy, also known as smell therapy, can be defined as the art of utilizing
natural distilled extracts known as essential oils from aromatic plants in healing
the body, mind and soul.
An essential oil is a fragrant volatile liquid extracted by distillation from a single
botanical source. Any oil that is made by extraction or distillation is classified as an
essential oil.
The average yield of oil is between 1 and 2%, although it can be as little as 0.05%
(rose), or as much as 10 to 15% (gums). For example; the distillation of ten large
buckets of orange blossoms produces one thimble thumb of Neroli oil.
When the essential oil is distilled, the life force/smell/energy of the plant, “plant
genie” is extracted.
The amount and quality of raw materials combined with the method of extraction
contribute to the cost of this product as well as its effectiveness.
It is related to, yet different from herbal medicine which uses the whole plant as
opposed to just the essential oil.
Background
Earliest records (3,000 years ago) of distilled oils were found in ancient Egypt.
Vessels were discovered in the ancient tombs, the ingredients found to be active
after thousands of years. These oils were used for healing, in perfumes,
embalming, to banish evil spirits, in rituals by priests and priestesses etc.
In embalming, cedarwood myrrh and frankincense were just a few of the herbs put
into the body cavities to preserve the body.
In the Bible, myrrh and frankincense were given as gifts to Baby Jesus. These
resins were resins were highly prized and expensive gifts.
Essential oils were used by the Greeks and Romans and evidence of use has been
found in ancient India and China.
During the Middle Ages, essential oils along with herbs, were used for medicinal
purposes, and was of great help to some notorious thieves during the plague!!
In Europe during the 18th century, essential oils were used primarily in the perfume
industry.
In the 1800’s, Science was becoming the new God and chemists were starting to
make inroads into how herbs and essential oils worked.
They discovered that everything could be broken down into various chemicals.
Essential oils for example, contain some of the following chemical groups:
Alcohols, Aldehydes, Esters, Ketones, Phenols, Lactones and Terpenes.
These chemicals all have different effects upon the body. The herbs and
essentials oils were broken down into their various chemical constituents. The
particular chemical that had the therapeutic effect on the body was identified and
eventually copied.
An example of this is the herb white willow, widely used for fevers and other “hot”
conditions. It was one of the first herbs to be scientifically investigated, and in
the 19th century, a French chemist Leroux, extracted the active constituent and
named it “salicine”. By 1852, this chemical was being produced synthetically, and by
1899 a less irritating and unpleasant-tasting variant of the substance
(acetylsalicylic acid) was manufactured and marketed as asprin, the first of the
modern generation of plant-derived drugs.
Not all chemicals can be duplicated or replaced by chemicals i.e. the drug digitalis
is still extracted from Foxglove. The upshot of this was as the cult of
pharmacology grew the use of herbs and essential oils fell into “folklore” and
disuse.
The Journey Back
During the 1960’s and 70’s a movement to using natural products and treatments
started. This has grown to such as extent where complimentary medicine has now
become the norm.
In Aromatherapy many people have contributed to the growth of aromatherapy as
we know it now including Robert Tisserand, Shirley Price, Eve Taylor to name just a
few.
There are two people who I consider to be the mother and father of aromatherapy
as we know it now.
Dr. Jean Valnet, the father of Medical Aromatherapy, did research on the
internal use of essential oils and wrote a book called “The Practice of
Aromatherapy”.
Madame Maury, the mother of modern day Holistic Aromatherapy, found that
essential oils were absorbed into the body through the skin and developed the use
of massage with essential oils using both Eastern and Western techniques. She
wrote the book “The secret of life and youth”.
Aromatherapy has developed into three distinct groups as a result of the above
pioneers.
1. Holistic Aromatherapy - is a hands-on therapy employing essential oils and
massage. The physical, mental and emotional conditions are all taken into
consideration.
2. Medical (Clinical) Aromatherapy – uses essential oils internally as drugs
and/or medication.
3. Aesthetic Aromatherapy – is used specifically for beauty treatments, skin
problems, cellulite reduction etc.
Effects of Aromatherapy
Essential oils enter into the body by various pathways and work by stimulating
circulation and the healing process in specific parts of the body, they also have
balancing action. For example:
Juniper works on the kidneys
Rosemary works on the liver
Both Hyssop and Ylang Ylang can balance blood pressure
Geranium helps both oily and dry skin
Essential oils work both psychologically and physiologically. By affecting the state
of the mind, the state of the body may be altered.
Storage of Essential oils
1. Keep in a dark bottle as essential oils are sensitive to light
2. Keep as little air in the bottle as possible
3. Top of bottle must be tightly closed or oil will evaporate
4. Keep away from fire as oils are extremely volatile.
5. Once mixed with some carrier oils they do not store well and – not more than
three months. Add a large drop of Vitamin E to your mix to extend the life
of your blend.
Store in air-tight dark glass containers in a cool dark place for maximum shelf life.
Essential
oils
:
1. Are extremely volatile
2. Are absorbed into fat (fat and body).
3. Are absorbed in pure alcohol
4. Do not dissolve in water.
5. Evaporate at different rates.
6. Are easily damaged by the effects of heat, light, air and moisture.
7. Are usually in liquid form but can also be solid or semi-solid depending on the
temperature.
8. Their colour is usually clear or pale yellow, but can be deeply coloured. For
example, German chamomile is blue and benzoin is dark red.
9. The more an essential oil is interfered with by adding or by subtracting the
natural chemicals in the essential oil the less therapeutic it becomes.
10. Are not greasy and don’t leave grease marks on blotting paper.
11. All essential oils are anti-bacterial.
Aromatherapy for Relaxation
One way to help ourselves relax is by using essential oils. Aromatherapy has been used
for centuries to help promote good health and a feeling of balance and calm.
The oils, which come from plants, are simple to use and have a variety of fragrances to
suit all tastes! Some like Lavender or Chamomile, are floral, some like Mandarin and
Lime have a refreshing citrus smell and others like Sandalwood or Frankincense have a
deeper or woodier smell. You can buy them from health food shops, good chemists or,
more cheaply, by mail order from reputable companies like Shirley Price Aromatherapy.
The essential oils that I find most helpful for anxiety and stress include: Chamomile,
Clary sage, Frankincense, Geranium, Lavender, Mandarin, Sweet Marjoram, Neroli,
Petitgrain, Sandalwood, Ylang ylang and Citrus essential oils such as Lemon, Lime and
Orange.
How to use essential oils:
Aromatherapy oils are not taken internally but can be introduced into the skin through
baths, massage, creams and lotions or by inhalation.
1. Baths
Bath therapy with essential oils can have profound effects on the healing of skin
disorders, alleviating muscular aches and pains, reducing levels of stress, as well as
increasing and supporting blood and lymph circulation. Essential oil baths or Aromatic
bathing can begin to facilitate healing on numerous levels both physiologically as well
as psychologically. The water should be warm but not hot and the essential oils should
be added to the bath either once the individual is in or right before the individual is
getting into the water. Always suggest the swishing around of water in order to disperse
concentration of essential oils in the water.
Note: One can utilize essential oils neat in the bath or added to 1 - 2 tbs. of fractionated
coconut oil (this oil partially dissolves in water and does not leave a „greasy slip. in the
bath tub). If treating dry, cracked skin, the essential oils can be added mixed with carrier
oil, such as sweet almond, and massaged onto the skin before immersing in water.
For babies add one drop of lavender or chamomile.
For children aged 2-10 years, add two drops of either lavender
or chamomile.
For older children and adults, add four-six drops of any of the
suggested oils, though frankincense and mandarin may irritate
sensitive skin.
Foot and Hand baths can be utilized in the treatment of: arthritis, athlete.s foot, poor
circulation, low energy, stress, nail fungus and other skin disorders of the hands and
feet. Dosage: 5-7 drops of essential oil in a basin of warm/hot water. Let feet or hands
soak for 10-15 minutes. Add ½ cup of Epsom salts for added benefit.
2. Inhalation
a. Direct inhalation
Use a handkerchief or tissue paper for inhalations. Dosage: Place 2-4 drops of
essential oil/s on the tissue or cloth. Hold cloth in the palm of the hand and take
2-3 deep inhalations through the nose. Breathe in as needed.
Another variation on this theme is to place 2-4 drops on your pillow case during
the night.
b. Indirect inhalation
How to use essential oils in the vaporiser:
If you have a ceramic vaporiser, fill the saucer on top
with cold water, add 6-10 drops of your chosen essential
oil.s, light the candle underneath and enjoy the aroma
as it heats up. You don.t need to leave it burning for
longer than 1 hour. You can also buy electric or battery
operated diffusers to which you can add a few drops of
your chosen oil.
3. Massage.
How to make up a massage oil using essential oils: Essential oils
will dissolve in any light, odourless vegetable oil such as sunflower or
grapeseed oil. This is how we make a massage oil which is easily
absorbed by the skin and gives a smooth movement when
massaging. The essential oils add fragrance and their particular
therapeutic property.
For children aged 2- 10 years, add one drop of essential oil for each
5ml or large teaspoon of vegetable oil.
For older children and adults, add two to four drops of essential oil for
each 5ml or large teaspoon of vegetable oil.
Note: If you do not wish to apply oil, then a plain unscented lotion or
cream can be used
How do they work?
Pure essential oils have therapeutic properties. Some, like marjoram, chamomile or
lavender are calming and can help us to sleep. Others like mandarin or clary sage can
be uplifting and help if you are feeling low. When we smell or inhale the essential oils
they affect the “limbic” or memory and emotional centre of the brain. This is why we
have such strong connections between particular smells and particular people, times or
places in our lives. By using aromatherapy oils to help us relax, say in a bath, then at
other times if we are upset the same smell will remind our nervous system of that
feeling of calm and help us to relax.
ESSENTIAL OILS
Relaxing/calming:
Refreshing/uplifting
Lavender -
balancing
Lemon –
can be more
invigorating. May be more
irritating for sensitive skin
Roman Chamomile
Mandarin-
refreshing
Marjoram –
naturally sedative
Clary Sage -
useful for anxiety
and depression.
Frankincense -
can promote
deeper breathing
Lavender and Geranium -
balancing
Ylang Ylang -
exotic and
cheaper than jasmine!
Neroli/Petitgrain
Sandalwood
Orange, Lemon, Lime
The Art of Blending
Blending is the Art of Aromatherapy and takes time, knowledge, intuition and attention
to become an expert at. The concept of synergy plays an important role in blending.
Research on essential oils has shown that a blend of 3 to 4 essential oils produces
greater healing powers than they do when used singly. However, a blend of more than 5
essential oils has no more marked effect and hence is not necessary.
The standard dilution for an aromatherapy blend is 4 -15 drops per 30ml of carrier oil. A
more typical medical or treatment blend is 30 drops per 30ml of carrier oil.
Usually we are aiming for a well rounded blend although in some instances it may be
appropriate to have a top note blend (ie. In the case of someone who is extremely
down, depressed, or lethargic), and other times it may be necessary to have a base
note blend (ie. With someone who is highly strung or floaty, who needs to be grounded,
relaxed or sedated).
Top, Middle and Base Notes
All of the essential oils come under one of three categories:
Top, Middle and Base
We use these categories for blending factors. When used in perfume and applied to the
skin, the first smell picked up is the top note. As the perfume heats up on the skin, the
base note comes out.
Which is why, when buying perfume it is better to apply then wait to see how the
chemistry evolves between you and the aromatic compounds. When making
aromatherapy perfume blends the same thing occurs. I have often mixed a perfume
blend, not enjoyed the aroma at first put it away and left it to mature. 6 months later
smelt it again and loved it.
One way of categorizing an essential oil into top, middle and base is based on where
the essential oil is extracted from in the plant. (Not always written in stone though)!
Top notes – Leaves, blossom and fruit of trees. i.e. orange, lemon, Mandarin, Neroli and
petitgrain.
Middle notes – Bushes and herbs. i.e. chamomile, geranium, lavender, Marjoram.
Base notes – Bark/wood of trees, resins, rhizomes, and roots. i.e. sandalwood, and
frankincense.
Top Notes
Most stimulating and uplifting. They are light fragrant oils that are
often used for acute problems and evaporate the fastest.
Middle Notes
Are calming and stimulating. In other words – balancing. Usually the
„doers., effecting physical body, the metabolism, digestion,
menstruation etc.
Base Notes
Relaxing and grounding, sedative and relaxing. Heavy, strong
smelling oils that are often used for chronic problems and the slowest
to evaporate.
Cross Referencing
There are many different techniques used for mixing and blending. Two of the most
common ways are with:
1. Muscle Testing
2. Cross referencing
1. Muscle Testing
Muscle testing is a technique used to determine the essential oils best for the client by
using the body.s innate intelligence.
A selection of essential oils is chosen based on the primary condition. The client holds
each bottle of essential oil (one at a time) in one hand against the heart the other arm is
held out perpendicular to the side.
The therapist places one hand on the clients shoulder and the other hand on top of the
outstretched hand and tries to push down (The client tries to resist the arm being
pushed down). If the oil is good for the person the outstretched arm will remain strong, if
not, then the arm will easily go down. Test each essential oil then test the oils together
to see if they will work in harmony with each other.
To calculate the drops, use the table on the next page.
I have found some amazing blends using this method and they always work.
Interestingly, I have found that lavender essential oil rarely shows up in these blends.
2. Cross Referencing
Choose from your consultation techniques the main condition, 2nd condition and 3rd
condition.
Here is an example cross-reference chart where the client has emotional exhaustion,
constipation and varicose veins. The most important condition is the „main condition.
and all the oils are chosen from this section.
However, if we reference the oils that treat the other two conditions into the main
condition, we will have a unique blend of oils that treats every condition (and if we have
selected the most relevant presenting conditions, the whole person).
Main condition (Core)
Second condition
Third condition
Emotional exhaustion
Constipation
Varicose veins
Top
Middle
Base
Top
Middle
Base
Top
Middle
Base
Bergamot
Geranium
Clove
Orange B
Black pep
Ginger
Basil
Cypress
Neroli
Clary sage
Lavender
Neroli
Coriander
Chamomile
cajuput
Geranium
Patchouli
Lemon
Juniper B
Vetivert
Orange S
Fennel
Clary sage
Juniper B
Sandalwood
Coriander
Peppermint
Mandarin
Juniper B
Lemon
Lavender
Grapefruit
Pine
Lemon
Marjoram
Niaouli
Peppermint
Petitgrain
Rosemary
Rosemary
Thyme
Rosemary
Niaouli
Marjoram
Below is the „main condition. column of oils. To denote that the oil is also in the second
condition (constipation) a C is put by each oil. To denote that the oil is also in the third
condition (varicose veins) a V is put by each oil.
Emotional exhaustion
Bergamot
Geranium V
Clove
Clary sage V
Lavender V
Neroli V
Lemon CV
Juniper B CV
Vetivert
Coriander C
Peppermint V
Grapefruit
Pine
Petitgrain
Rosemary CV
Niaouli
Marjoram C
In blending whether for treatments or in the making of perfumes, we use more top note
drops than base note drops (see chart below).
To calculate the drops, use the following table:
Information on „Notes.
Conditions
1 + 2 + 3
Conditions
1 + 2
Conditions
1 + 3
Top Notes
Stimulating and uplifting
(Aroma lasts up to 24 hours)
4 drops
3 drops
2 drops
Middle Notes
Affects most body systems and general
metabolism
(Aroma lasts 2 to 3 days)
3 drops
2 drops
1 drop
Base Notes
Relaxing and grounding
(Aroma still around after 1 week)
1 drop
1 drop
1 drop
*For cutting adjustments: Always cut everything down by a third.
From the completed chart it is clear that three oils can be used for all three conditions.
These are obviously the oils to choose, regardless of whether they are top, middle or
base notes, as they are the oils the client needs.
It would be written on the client record card as:
Essential oils chosen (give drops used): Lemon 4, Juniper Berry 3 and Rosemary 3.
Carriers used (give ml): Sunflower oil 30ml
This blend is calculated for a 30 to 50ml blend. Essential oils which treat all three
conditions should be chosen if possible. If not, then concentrate on conditions 1 and 2.
After all, condition 3 is of least importance or it would not occupy this position.
Once the essential oils and carriers are chosen, pour the correct amount of carrier into a
bottle, then add the essential oils.
If you are using three oils, as in the example above, add one drop of each essential oil
first and let the client smell the blend before using the full dosage. To enable the client
to evaluate the aroma, apply a very small amount to the client.s inside wrist. Then let
the client smell the blend and if the client is pleased with the aroma, a small amount of
the blend can be placed on the area between the top lip and the nose prior to the
massage.
Never evaluate the blend yourself until the client has passed comment on it, tastes differ
and the aromas you may find pleasing may not please the client. If the client does not
like the blend, try adding 1 drop of lavender.
Therapeutic Cross Reference Chart
Mental/Emotional Symptoms
In no other system of the body is the connection between the physical and
psychological aspects of our being as apparent as in the nervous system, Clearly, the
tissue of the nervous system is part of the physical makeup of the body but, just as
clearly, all psychological processes are anchored in the nervous system.
The nervous system is a place in which our stress levels and emotional states interact
with our physiological environment.
*Please note: Recommended oils are essential oils suggested for the treatment of the
specific mental/emotional symptom, however many other essential oils can be added. I
recommend that you add your own essential oils to the list of recommended oils for
future reference.
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Clary sage
C/S
Chamomile
Cha
Frankincense
Frank
Lemon
Lem
Geranium
Ger
Neroli
Ner
Mandarin
Man
Patchouli
Pat
Orange
Ora
Lavender
Lav
Rose
Ros
Petitgrain
P/G
Marjoram
Mar
Sandalwood
S/W
Melissa
Mel
Ylang ylang
Y/Y
Mental/Emotional Symptoms
Problem
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Ageing, feelings of
Mandarin
Tangerine
Neroli
Anger
Chamomile
Frankincense
Ylang ylang
Anxiety
Bergamot
Clary sage
Lemon
Mandarin
Orange
Petitgrain
Tangerine
Chamomile
Geranium
Lavender
Marjoram
Melissa
Frankincense
Neroli
Patchouli
Rose
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Apathy
Mandarin
Lemon
Orange
Tangerine
Bitterness
Lemon
Burn-out
Frankincense
Change
. Coping with
Ylang ylang
. Difficulty in adjusting to
Clary sage
. Difficulty in making
Orange
Claustrophobia
Clary sage
Frankincense
Compulsiveness
Clary sage
Confidence, lack of
Ylang ylang
Confusion
Lemon
Geranium
Courage, lack of
Frankincense
Cynicism
Sandalwood
Problem
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Depression
Bergamot
Clary sage
Grapefruit
Mandarin
Orange
Petitgrain
Tangerine
Chamomile
Geranium
Lavender
Marjoram
Melissa
Frankincense
Neroli
Patchouli
Rose
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Dreams, recurrent
Clary sage
Sandalwood
Emotional stress
Clary sage
Lavender
Marjoram
Emptiness, emotional
Mandarin
Tangerine
Exhaustion, mental
Frankincense
*from overwork
Clary sage
Orange
Fatigue, mental
Lavender
Frankincense
Fear
. Acute
Geranium
. Of coming events
Sandalwood
. Of confronting issues
Marjoram
. Of the dark
Lavender
. Of dying
Mandarin
Tangerine
. Of effort
Sandalwood
. Of failure
Lavender
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
. Of going mad
Ylang ylang
. Of letting go
Ylang ylang
. Of people
Lavender
Ylang ylang
. Rigid with
Geranium
. Of showing feelings
Marjoram
Ylang ylang
. With inner trembling
Lavender
. Of unknown origin
Lavender
Frustration
Ylang ylang
Problem
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Grief
Marjoram
. For lost past
Mandarin
Tangerine
. Prolonged after loss
Frankincense
Guilt feelings
Ylang ylang
Hopelessness
Orange
Hostility
Clary sage
Marjoram
Hyperactivity
Clary sage
Lavender
Hysteria
Orange
Petitgrain
Camphor
Chamomile
Lavender
Marjoram
Melissa
Frankincense
Neroli
Ylang ylang
Impatience
Chamomile
Lavender
Ylang ylang
Impulsiveness
Chamomile
Insecurity
Lavender
Frankincense
Sandalwood
Insomnia
Mandarin
Petitgrain
Chamomile
Clary sage
Lavender
Marjoram
Melissa
Neroli
Rose
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Instability
Geranium
Irrationality
Lavender
Ylang ylang
Irritability
Bergamot
Clary sage
Grapefruit
Orange
Chamomile
Lavender
Marjoram
Melissa
Neroli
Rose
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Problem
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Jealousy
Ylang ylang
Joy, lack of
Mandarin
Orange
Tangerine
Lethargy, listlessness
Clary sage
Lemon
Orange
Sandalwood
Loneliness
Marjoram
Moodiness, mood swings
Geranium
Lavender
Nerves
. Exhausted
Clary sage
Chamomile
Lavender
Marjoram
Nightmares
Lavender
Frankincense
Obsession
Clary sage
Sandalwood
. with past
Frankincense
Sandalwood
Obstinacy
Orange
Ylang ylang
Overactive mind
Chamomile
Lavender
Marjoram
Overwork
Lavender
. mental strain from
Clary sage
Palpitations, nervous
Lavender
Melissa
Panic attacks
Clary sage
Lavender
Frankincense
Ylang ylang
Paranoia
Lavender
Frankincense
Procrastination
Sandalwood
Problem
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Resentment
Clary sage
Lemon
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Resignation
Orange
Rigidity, mental
Geranium
Sadness
Orange
Marjoram
Self-criticism
Frankincense
Self esteem, self worth
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Sensitivity
Lemon
Sandalwood
Ylang ylang
Shock
Ylang ylang
Shyness
Ylang ylang
Stability, need for
Frankincense
Stage fright
Lavender
Stress general – see anxiety
Sudden stress
Lavender
Marjoram
Neroli
Rose
Tantrums in children
Clary sage
Chamomile
Tension, nervous
Clary sage
Mandarin
Tangerine
Chamomile
Geranium
Lavender
Marjoram
Ylang ylang
Thoughts
. gloomy
Orange
. irrational
Marjoram
. negative
Clary sage
Lavender
. overactive
Clary sage
Lavender
. Over-analytical
Clary sage
. racing
Clary sage
. unclear
Lemon
Problem
Top Notes
Middle Notes
Base Notes
Touchiness
Lemon
Un-forgiveness
Frankincense
Sandalwood
Worry
. about future
Chamomile
Sandalwood
Lavender
. about past
Frankincense
Note: When mixing and blending essential oils it is important take into account the physical
manifestations of the emotional condition. When both aspects are combined the treatment is
more effective than just treating one aspect alone.
Recipes
The following are example of recipes to add to 30ml carrier oil
Calming
Mandarin 4 drops
Chamomile 3 drops
Sandalwood 1 drop
Balancing
Clary sage 3 drops
Geranium 3 drops
Frankincense 1 drop
Sleep easy
Mandarin 4 drops
Marjoram 3 drops
Ylang ylang 1 drop
Uplifting/anti-depressant
Petitgrain 3 drops
Sweet orange 3 drops
Neroli 1 drop 1 drop of 5 to 10% neroli
Safety Data Information
1. Sensitization
a. Dermal sensitization – this type of sensitivity can occur with any individual and yet is more
prone to occur with allergy sensitive individuals. “To initiate this reaction the substance must enter
the skin, bind with the lymphatic tissues and then cause the T lymphocytes to become sensitized.
At any time in the future if the same or a chemically related substance is one again introduced to
the skin or in some cases any other part of the body, the immune system will react to this
substance perceiving it as an invader and causing a similar reaction to occur as in cutaneous
irritation” (Martin Watts).
Reaction: Rash, blotchy, redness, irritation sometimes itchy
Essential oils: Cassia, cinnamon, oregano and other essential oils when used over an extended
period of time.
b. Photosensitization – using oil which exhibits this quality will cause burning or skin pigmentation
on exposure to sun or similar light (ultra violet rays). Reaction can range from a mild colour
change through to deep weeping burns.
Essential oils: Bergamot and all citrus oils, angelica root and tagetes.
c. Idiosyncratic sensitization – an uncharacteristic reaction to a commonly used essential oil. This
type of reaction though rarely occurs, can vary tremendously from client to client. I once had a
client who reacted to lavender!
Reaction: Rash, blotchy, redness, irritation
2. Irritants
a. Dermal irritant – This will produce an immediate effect of irritation on the skin. Red, blotchy,
redness, irritation.
Essential oils: Bitter almond, birch, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, bitter fennel, black pepper, verbena.
b. Mucous membrane irritant – This will produce a heating or drying effect on the mucous
membranes of the mouth, nose and reproductive system.
Essential oils: Basil, marjoram, thyme, lemongrass, verbena, cinnamon bark, birch
c. Carcinogenic – any substance that, when exposed to living tissue, may cause the production of
carcinoma (Carcinoma is cancer which arises in epithelial tissue, epithelial tissue lines the
external and internal organs of the body).
Essential oils: Calamus, sassafras, bitter fennel
Safety Precautions
1. Keep all essential oils out of reach of children.
2. Avoid use of photosensitizing essential oils at least 7 hours prior to going into the
sun.
3. Avoid camphoraceous oils (eucalyptus, peppermint, rosemary) while on
Homeopathic medicine. (Always let your homeopath know you are utilizing essential
oils.
4. Avoid prolonged use of the same essential oils.
5. Never use essential oils you know nothing about on your clients.
6. Avoid the use of neat essential oils on the skin, unless otherwise indicated for acute
conditions.
7. Sensitive skin types should perform a skin patch test prior to utilizing essential oils to
check sensitivity to specific oils.
8. Know the safety data on each essential oil.
9. Use caution when treating a female client who suspects she is pregnant or has been
trying to become pregnant.
10. You, the therapist, should always wash hands thoroughly between clients and apply
a cream if hands should become dry or cracked.
Safety Measures
1. If you get an essential oil in your eye, first put a drop of oil (sweet almond or
whatever is available) in the eye. This will absorb the essential oil which is attracted
to the oil. Next, use a tissue or cloth to draw the oil out of your eye. If the eye is still
sore then rinse with water.
2. Use the same remedy as above if you get an irritating amount of essential oil onto
your skin. Place a few drops of oil in the area and allow it to absorb the essential oil.
Allow the skin to breath for at least ½ hour.
3. If a child or any individual swallow a large amount of essential oil. Drink ½ - 1 cup of
oil first. This will again absorb the essential oil in the stomach and will stimulate
peristalsis so that the individual will eliminate the waste. Another method would be to
drink milk to line the stomach to protect it from the potential damage of essential oils.
Roman Chamomile
Latin name:
Anthemis nobilis
Part of Plant used:
Flowers
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
France, Europe
Botanical Family:
Compositae
Colour of oil:
Pale blue or yellow
Odour Description:
Warm, sweet, fruity
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-weak
Safety Information:
Chemical Constituents:
Isobutyl angelate, pinocarvone, angelic ester
Actions on the body:
Anticonvulsive, antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic,
antispasmodic, cytophylactic, digestive, febrifuge, sedative
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Digestive system: Indigestion, loss of appetite, colic, gout, soothing to the digestive
tract and emotional states which trigger digestive upsets.
The Endocrine system: Can be helpful with amenorrhea, dysmenorrheal, cystitis, PMS.
The Nervous system: Calming.
The Reproductive system: Soothing to menstruation cramps, PMS, irregular periods,
sore breasts.
The Respiratory system: Could be helpful for hay fever, coughs.
The Skin: Bedsores dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, excellent for sensitive skins, broken
capillaries.
The Urinary system: Considered to be a great urinary antiseptic, use for urinary
infections.
Psychology of: Calming, soothing, relaxing, sedative.
Clary sage
Latin name:
Salvia sclarea
Part of Plant used:
Flowering tops
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
France
Botanical Family:
Labiatae
Colour of oil:
Colourless to pale yellow
Odour Description:
Sweet, nutty, floral, earthy
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-weak
Safety Information:
Do not use during the first three months of pregnancy if there
has been a history of miscarriages, possibly irritating to
mucous membranes.
Chemical Constituents:
Linalyl acatate, sclareol, linalool, cineole, salvone
Actions on the body:
Antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic,
aphrodisiac, balsamic, emmenagogue, hypotensive, muscle
relaxant, nervine, parturient, sedative, spasmodic, uterine.
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Endocrine system: This oil is balancing, can help to regulate menstrual cycle. Is a key oil in the treatment of PMS and related
upsets, cramps, tonic to uterus. In balancing the hormones, it works well with Geranium.
The Nervous system: Strong sedative, nerve tonic especially when nervous system is exhausted.
The Reproductive system: Tonic to uterus, aids hormonal balance. Helps with PMS, menopause, scanty or painful periods, eases
pain during labour, relaxing.
The Respiratory system: Can be calming during an asthma attack, soothes sore dry throats.
The Skin: Has an estrogen effect on the skin making it useful for preventing premature ageing of the skin, helps treat eczema
caused by stress or anxiety, helpful antiphlogistic. Helps reduce excessive production of sebum especially in the scalp.
The Urinary system: Tonic to kidneys.
Psychology of: Euphoric, can create light-headedness, calming, good for irritation, anger, mental fatigue, insomnia and stress.
“Essentially clary sage counteracts the slow, insidious internal ravages of unproductive stress by systematically relaxing, grounding
and revitalizing.”
“Other properties of Clary sage by Peter Holmes: One of several prime stress busters. Its euphoric action on consciousness helps to
dispel depression especially when depression arises from nervous burn-out, helps relieve anxiety states, including those involving:
fear, paranoia and delusions. Grounding, centering, strengthening, sense-enhancing. Clary sage also restrains secretions and stops
discharges, including diarrhea, excessive sweating and sebum production. Cary sage quickly dispels shallow feeling and emotional
posturing. The oil directly affects the uterine muscles and other parts of the female’s reproductive organs. It is useful in treating
menstrual cramps due to its spasmolytic action on the womb. The oil’s linalyl acetate helps explain this relaxant effect in the
presence of spasmodic dysmenorrhoea. Peter Holmes “Clary sage”. The International Journal of Aromatherapy, Spring 1993.
Frankincense
Latin name:
Boswellia carteii
Part of Plant used:
Trunk of tree
Extraction method:
Distilled gum, white resin
Country of Origin:
Somalia
Botanical Family:
Burseraceae
Colour of oil:
Clear, pale yellow
Odour Description:
Clean, fresh, earthy, woody
Notes:
Top-mild Mid-strong Base-strong
Safety Information:
Chemical Constituents:
d-pinene, dipentene, cadinene
Actions on the body:
Antiseptic, astringent, cytophylactic, sedative, vulnerary.
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Nervous system: Calming and soothing to the nerves.
The Reproductive system: Can have a calming effect on sexual nervous tension
The Respiratory system: Excellent for dry mucous coughs or congestion. Frankincense
is helpful for moistening the mucus membranes and supports other expectorants such
as Pine or Ravensara. Helps bronchitis, laryngitis, eases shortness of breath especially
in response to anxiety, gentle expectorant.
The Skin: Excellent for dry skin, has a slight astringent property so useful for oily skins
as well, very effective in healing the skin, ulcers, wounds and other inflammations.
Psychology of: All around healing, powerful in healing past emotional wounds. Calming
and soothing. This oil is useful during meditation and for treating states of anxiety and
tension.
Geranium
Latin name:
Pelargonium graveolens
Part of Plant used:
Leaves and stems
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
Reunion Islands
Botanical Family:
Geraniaceae
Colour of oil:
Pale yellowish, green
Odour Description:
Fresh, strong, green, feminine
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Do not use all the time - sensitizer
Chemical Constituents:
Geraniol, citronellol, linalol, isomenthone.
Actions on the body:
Analgesic, antidepressant, antiseptic, cytophylactic, diuretic,
tonic, vulnerary.
Main Therapeutic Properties
General properties: Very useful in treating jet lag or imbalances brought on by travel.
The Circulatory system: Helpful in cleansing the blood of impurities, also improves
lymphatic drainage, tonic to general circulation of blood and lymph.
The Endocrine system: Hormonal balancer.
The Nervous system: Eases inflammation of nerve endings.
The Reproductive system: Use for hormonal imbalance during menstruation,
menopause and puberty. Can reduce symptoms of PMS and menopausal experiences
of fever, hot flashes, depression, lack of vaginal secretion, can be used to treat
inflammation in breast.
The Respiratory system: Moistening to mucous membranes, dry coughs.
The Skin: Useful for all skin types, has a balancing action, good for eczema, dermatitis,
acne, also useful for sluggish, smokers skin, restores good circulation, aids detoxing.
The Urinary system: Tonic to kidneys, diuretic.
Psychology of: Useful in treating anxiety, calming, balancing, soothing, it is helpful in
reducing physical reactions to stress.
Lavender
Latin name:
Lavendula officinalis
Part of Plant used:
Flowering tops
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
France
Botanical Family:
Labiatae
Colour of oil:
Clear
Odour Description:
Sweet, fresh, floral, herbaceous
Notes:
Top-mild Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Can be stimulating in high concentrations
Chemical Constituents:
Linalyl acetate, linalol
Actions on the body:
Analgesic, antibacterial, antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic,
antispasmodic, cytophylactic, detoxicant, antifungal, hypotensive,
rejuvenating, sedative, vulnerary
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Supports the immune system, regulates white blood cells, cleansing, detoxing and aids lymphatic flow,
rapid heartbeat, fever, anxiety, agitation
The Digestive system: Soothing to digestive upsets, relaxes stomach, abdominal cramps, colic, dyspepsia, excess gas, increases
peristaltic movement and hence elimination.
The Endocrine system: Overall balancer (use with Geranium and Clary sage for hormonal balancing)
The Muscular system: Soothes muscular aches and pains, esp. inflamed tissue.
The Nervous system: Nervous tension, stress, shock, vertigo, general balancer and tonic, relieves insomnia, balancing.
The Reproductive system: Calms during delivery, helps in relieving pain.
The Respiratory system: Helpful in treating inflammation, bronchitis, laryngitis, throat infections, removes excess catarrh, soothes
mucus membranes, whooping cough.
The Skin: A wonderful oil for healing tissue of the skin, burns, scrapes, abscesses, acne, allergies, athlete`s foot, ingrown toenails
(with Tea tree or Eucalyptus), eczema, inflammations, psoriasis, soothes sunburns, balancing action, a good antiseptic for the skin
which can be used for all skin types, healing to sores, spots, regenerative to tissue.
The Urinary system: To reduce inflammation with cystitis
Psychology of: Calming, soothing, nurturing, balancing, personal renewal, useful in treating depression, alleviating fears.
Lavender can exert either a cooling or a warming effect on the system. For a person with a hot and more acute condition – typified
by congestion, inflammation or fever – just a small amount of lavender essential oil (applied externally in a 1% dilution or give
internally in a 1-2 drop dose with water) will have a cooling, ant-inflammatory or antipyretic effect. When given to someone with an
oil and more chronic condition – characterized by chills, fatigue, cold extremities – a more generous application of lavender will
generate warmth and activity, both local and systemic.
Other species of Lavender include: Lavendula spica syn. L. latifolia (stimulating, refreshing and analgesic). Lavender stoechas
(stimulating, antiseptic and warming).
Lemon
Latin name:
Citrus limonum
Part of Plant used:
Peel or zest of fruit
Extraction method:
Expression
Country of Origin:
Italy
Botanical Family:
Rutaceae
Colour of oil:
Pale yellow
Odour Description:
Sharp, citrus, refreshing
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-weak Base-weak
Safety Information:
Could prickle sensitive skins. Potential photo sensitization
Chemical Constituents:
Pinene, d-limonene, terpinene, geraniol, linalool, caprilic acid
Actions on the body:
Anti-acid, antiseptic, carminative, depurative, diuretic,
escharotics, febrifuge, hepatic, hypotensive, laxative,
stomachic, tonic
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Stimulating to general circulation, aids lymphatic drainage,
detoxing.
The Digestive system: Improves digestive processes, enhances elimination of toxins
from the colon, cleansing, said to counteract acidity in the body and makes the stomach
more alkaline.
The Muscular system: Arthritis, cellulitis, rheumatism, aids the elimination of uric acid
build up, soothing to muscular or joint aches and pains.
The Nervous system: Lemon is restorative, supports vitality
The Respiratory system: Antiseptic quality supports cleansing of the respiratory tract,
asthma, throat infections, bronchitis and catarrh.
The Skin: Useful in treating acne, anemia, brittle nails, boils, corns, astringent quality,
good for oily acne complexions, mouth ulcers, warts, varicose veins (can help to prevent
and also to prevent them from getting worse), cleansing, good for tired, sagging and
grayish (smokers) skin, promotes blood circulation.
The Urinary system: Aids elimination, cleansing to the kidneys.
Psychology of: Clarifying, cleansing, refreshing, rejuvenating, expanding, uplifting.
Mandarin
Latin name:
Citrus reticulata
Part of Plant used:
Peel or zest of fruit
Extraction method:
Expression
Country of Origin:
Italy
Botanical Family:
Rutaceae
Colour of oil:
Yellowy, green
Odour Description:
Sweet, fresh, citrus
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-weak Base-weak
Safety Information:
One of the safest oils to use with everyone.
Chemical Constituents:
N-methylantralinic acid, citral
Actions on the body:
Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cytophylactic, digestive, soothing
tonic
Main Therapeutic Properties
General properties: Very helpful in supporting emotional healing. It provides a nurturing
enhancement to rose, sandalwood and frankincense. Often the combination of any of
the mentioned oils, gives a sensation and aroma of being at the ocean.
The Circulatory system: Improves general circulation, aids excess fluid elimination.
The Digestive system: Calming and soothing to digestive system, constipation, upset
stomach, travel sickness, stimulates elimination in colon and said to stimulate appetite.
The Endocrine system: supports balancing action of geranium and lavender
The Nervous system: Helpful in treating restlessness, nervous tension, insomnia (use
with lavender), mental tonic, soothes nervous disorders.
The Skin: useful in treating oily acne skin, improves local circulation and is a good toner,
detoxing, use to treat congested skin, cellulite, and stretch marks.
Psychology of: Nurturing, warming, sense of well being, uplifting yet calming
Marjoram
Latin name:
Origanum marjorana
Part of Plant used:
Flowers and leaves
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
France
Botanical Family:
Labiatae
Colour of oil:
Clear, pale yellow
Odour Description:
Spicy, herbaceous
Notes:
Top-mild Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Avoid during pregnancy, can irritate sensitive skins (use in
low dilution’s).
Chemical Constituents:
d-terpineol, terpinene
Actions on the body:
Analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive,
emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, restorative, tonic
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Aids in lowering blood pressure
The Digestive system: Treats colic, indigestion, constipation and excess gas.
The Endocrine system: Helpful in regulating menstrual cycle, calming to period cramps.
The Muscular system: Reduces muscular spasms. Soothes muscular aches and pains,
arthritis, rheumatism, spasms, sprains and strains (use with compress).
The Nervous system: Good in treating hypertension, insomnia, nervous tension and
stress, stimulates parasympathetic nervous system, also has a regulatory function of
the CNS, sedative, warming.
The Respiratory system: Aids inflammation and spasms brought on by bronchitis,
asthma, and dry coughs.
The Skin: Helpful in treating bruises (use with St. Johns wort base or arnica.
Psychology of: Sedative, calming, grounding.
Melissa
Latin name:
Melissa officinalis
Part of Plant used:
Leaves and tops
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
France
Botanical Family:
Labiatae
Colour of oil:
Pale yellow
Odour Description:
Sweet, strong, lemony
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Could cause skin irritation – dilute to 1%
Chemical Constituents:
Citral, citronellal, geraniol, caryophyllene
Actions on the body:
Antidepressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative,
digestive, nervine, sedative, tonic, uterine.
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Detoxing, cleansing, supports and stimulates immune system.
The Digestive system: Aids elimination, detoxing.
The Endocrine system: Balancing, regulatory
The Nervous system: Sedative to the CNS, useful in treating nervous tension and states
of shock.
The Reproductive system: Regulates menstrual cycle, eases PMS symptoms, helps
regulate ovulation, and been known to be very effective in treating vaginal herpes (used
in low dilutions in cream and sitz bath.
The Skin: Local stimulant to circulation (use in low dilutions!) It is cleansing, good for
over active skins, oily, or sluggish skin (smoker’s skin) where circulation has been
reduced, detoxing and purifies the blood.
Psychology of: Awakening, stimulating, uplifting, clears the head, refreshing.
Neroli
Latin name:
Citrus aurantium
Part of Plant used:
Flower (orange blossoms from orange tree)
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
Tunisia
Botanical Family:
Rutaceae
Colour of oil:
Pale yellow
Odour Description:
Fresh, floral, sweet, light, exotic
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Chemical Constituents:
Jasmone, linalyl acetate, farnesol, linalool, geraniol, nerolidol
Actions on the body:
Antidepressant, antiseptic, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic,
aphrodisiac, cytophylactic, sedative.
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Cleansing to the blood, shock, decreases rate of blood flow,
hypertension
The Digestive system: Tonic to the liver, calming to the colon, colitis, relieves spasms in
smooth muscle, diarrhea.
The Nervous system: Soothing, relaxing to the sympathetic nervous system,
antispasmodic
The Reproductive system: Balancing support oil for geranium or lavender, helpful in
reducing emotional states which accompany menstruation
The Respiratory system: Calms rapid breathing
The Skin: Astringent and toning effect on the skin, reduces stretch marks
Psychology of: Excellent antidepressant, stress, insomnia, anxiety, all emotional
problems.
Petitgrain
Latin name:
Citrus aurantium
Part of Plant used:
Leaves and green twigs (of orange tree)
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
Italy
Botanical Family:
Rutaceae
Colour of oil:
Pale to dark yellow
Odour Description:
Dry, floral, light
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Chemical Constituents:
Furfural, B-ocimene, dipentene, linalol, terpineol, nerol,
geraniol
Actions on the body:
Antidepressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Digestive system: Calming to stomach upsets triggered by anxiety
The Nervous system: Sedative, calming nervous tension, irritation
The Reproductive system: Support oil for Neroli and Geranium in balancing the
endocrine system, could be used during child birth as a pleasant relaxing aroma.
The Skin: Acne, soothing to inflamed skin (supports Neroli and Lavender). Is a mild
astringent, good for both oily and dry skin.
Psychology of: Calming, uplifting
Rose Otto
Latin name:
Rosa damascena
Part of Plant used:
Petals
Extraction method:
Distillation produces Rose otto, Solvent extraction produces
Rose absolute
Country of Origin:
Bulgaria, Turkey
Botanical Family:
Rosaceae
Colour of oil:
Clear, pale yellow – Rose otto
Dark yellow/orange – Rose absolute
Odour Description:
Floral, rich, warm, fresh, feminine
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-strong
Safety Information:
Safest of all essential oils
Chemical Constituents:
Phenylethylalol, geraniol, citronnellal
Actions on the body:
Antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic,
aphrodisiac, bactericide, depurative, sedative, stomachic,
tonic
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Promotes general circulation, tones veins and arteries, cleansing to
blood.
The Digestive system: Has a calming effect on the stomach when associated with emotional
stress, said to help clear the alimentary tract, soothing to inflammation.
The Endocrine system: Balancing to hormones, helpful in regulating menstruation irregularities.
The Reproductive system: Helps to balance irregular menstruation, calming and soothing to
uterine disorders, good affinity with reproductive system, impotence, sterility, frigidity,
aphrodisiac, PMS, promotes vaginal secretions (esp. after menopause).
The Respiratory system: Soothing to inflammation, asthma, spasmodic cough
The Skin: Broken capillaries, conjunctivitis (rose water), dry skin , eczema, mature and sensitive
skins, wrinkles, purifying, cleansing, soothing, good antiseptic, good for all skin types.
The Urinary system: Considered to be a great urinary antiseptic, use for urinary infections.
Psychology of: Nurturing, treats depression, shock, grief, heartbreak, soothing to anger
Sandalwood
Latin name:
Santalum album
Part of Plant used:
Heartwood of tree trunk OR resin
Extraction method:
Distillation
Country of Origin:
India, Indonesia
Botanical Family:
Santalaceae
Colour of oil:
Pale – dark yellow
Odour Description:
Soft, balsamic, woody
Notes:
Top-weak Mid-strong Base-strong
Safety Information:
Chemical Constituents:
d-phellandrene, pinene, santalol
Actions on the body:
Antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac,
emollient, expectorant, sedative.
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Digestive system: Useful in calming nausea, diarrhea
The Nervous system: Can be used to treat insomnia, nervous tension and stress
The Reproductive system: Soothing to cramps, PMS, calming during childbirth
The Respiratory system: Excellent for dry nasal conditions or when throat is dry and
irritated, aids the secretion of mucus which will moisten the nasal cavities, also useful
for inflammatory conditions such as bronchitis, laryngitis, excess catarrh, (use
sandalwood with a stronger expectorant essential oil).
The Skin: Acne, very soothing to dry, cracked and chapped skin.
The Urinary system: Tonic to the urinary tract esp. the kidneys and bladder, cystitis,
urinary infections especially when accompanied by inflammation.
Psychology of: Calming, soothing, balancing, wonderful oil to use during meditation (as
it has been used historically). Helps with inner awareness, cleansing to the spirit.
Ylang ylang
Latin name:
Cananga odorata
Part of Plant used:
Flowers
Extraction method:
Distillation – Ylang ylang can be distilled up to five times
Country of Origin:
Commores, Madagascar
Botanical Family:
Annonacea
Colour of oil:
Clear, pale yellow
Odour Description:
Sweet, warm, exotic, heavy, sensual
Notes:
Top-strong Mid-strong Base-mild
Safety Information:
Can get heady in large amounts
Chemical Constituents:
Linalol, linalyl benzoate, linalyl acetate
Actions on the body:
Anti depressant, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, sedative
Main Therapeutic Properties
The Circulatory system: Helpful in lowering high blood pressure, tachycardia and
palpitations
The Endocrine system: Can support hormonal balance esp. with geranium and lavender
The Nervous system: Excellent for stress, nervous tension
The Reproductive system: Helps individuals confront and deal with their sexuality, esp.
frigidity and impotence. I have found this especially helpful to work with individuals who
have trouble accepting their sexuality and/or sensuality
The Skin: Soothing to inflammations, acne, dry, chapped skin
Psychology of: Can help soothe and reduce anxiety, anger and fright, sedative and
antidepressant, very calming, reassuring, also considered to be one of the best
aphrodisiacs.
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