Just click on a name for the wikipedia profile. Aromatherapy profiles below.
BASIL (EUROPEAN)
Latin Name: Ocymum basilicum Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Annual herb, dark green ovate leaves, pinky-
white flowers. Whole plant is aromatic.
Where Cultivated: France, Italy , Bulgaria, Hungary
Part of Plant Used: Leaves and
flowering tops.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless or pale yellow with a spicy aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalool and fenchol (alcohols), small amount
methyl chavicol (phenol)
Actions: Anti-spasmodic, cephalic, carminative, antiseptic, tonic
Physical Uses:
chesty conditions
tired, overworked muscles
hay fever
digestive disorders
cramp, gout
Emotional Uses:
mental fatigue
doubts
stress
anxiety
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy. Risk of toxicity.
Sensitiser. Methyl chavicol is possibly carcinogenic in large amounts.
BERGAMOT
Latin Name: Citrus bergamia Family Name: Rutaceae
Description of Plant: Small tree 4-5m tall. Smooth oval leaves.
Small round fruit that ripen from green to yellow.
Where Cultivated: Italy
Part of Plant Used: Nearly ripe
fruit.
Method of Extraction:
Expression
Description of Oil: Green.
Main Constituents: Linalyl acetate (ester), citral (aldehyde), linalool
(alcohol), bergapten and bergamottin (furocoumarins)
Actions: Antiseptic, uplifting (without stimulating), anti-depressant,
anti-viral, immuno-stimulant, balancing
Physical Uses:
cystitis
shingles, psoriasis
skin care, acne, cold sores
chilblains, asthma
fever
Emotional Uses:
anxiety
depression
exhaustion
sadness
Safety Data: Photosensitiser due to furocoumarin content. ‘FCF’
(FuroCoumarin Free) bergamot is available.
BLACK PEPPER
Latin Name: Piper nigrum Family Name: Piperaceae
Description of Plant: Woody climbing plant.
Where Cultivated: India, China, Java, Malaysia
Part of Plant Used: Black
peppercorns.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless to pale green, yellowing with age.
Main constituents: 70-80% monoterpenes, piperine, oxygenated
compounds, carvacrol (phenol)
Actions: Rubefacient, toning, stimulates the spleen, carminative,
hypertensive
Physical Uses:
chilblains, Raynaud’s disease
arthritis (osteo and rheumatoid)
digestive problems, diarrhoea
muscular stiffness, sprains
anaemia, hypotension
Emotional Uses:
lack of endurance
frustration
lack of motivation
apathy
dementia
Safety Data: Sensitiser. Hypertensive. Contra-indicated to
pregnancy. Over-use could damage kidneys. Use in moderation,
diluting to 0.1% or less.
CEDARWOOD (ATLAS)
Latin Name: Cedrus atlantica Family Name: Pinaceae
Description of Plant: Pyramid shaped evergreen tree up to 40m tall.
Where Cultivated: Algeria, Morocco
Part of Plant Used: Wood,
stumps and sawdust.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Yellow, orange or amber. Fairly viscous.
Main Constituents: Cedrol (alcohol), cadinene (sesquiterpene)
Actions: Antiseptic, mucolytic, astringent, sedative, expectorant,
grounding
Physical Uses:
bronchial infections
urinary infections, cystitis
catarrh
skin care
dandruff
Emotional Uses:
lack of concentration
obsessions
anxiety
paranoia
Safety Data: Risk of toxicity. Contra-indicated to pregnancy.
CHAMOMILE (GERMAN)
Latin Name: Matricaria
chamomilla
Family Name: Compositae
Description of Plant: Annual herb 60cm tall. Feathery leaves. Daisy
white flowers on single stems.
Where Cultivated: Hungary, Eastern Europe (no longer in Germany)
Part of Plant Used: Flower
heads.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Blue with strong, sweetish, warm aroma.
Main Constituents: Chamazulene and farnasene (sesquiterpenes),
bisabolol oxide, farnesol (alcohol)
Actions: Anti-inflammatory, diuretic, sedative to the nerves,
calmative, anti-spasmodic
Physical Uses:
inflamed joints, muscular pains,
arthritis (osteo and rheumatoid),
sprains, sciatica, neuralgia,
cystitis, tonsillitis, asthma,
insomnia, insect bites,
psoriasis, indigestion, diarrhoea
Emotional Uses:
stress
anxiety
anger
emotional tension
frustration
Safety Data: Can cause dermatitis. Contra-indicated to the first three
months of pregnancy.
CHAMOMILE (ROMAN)
Latin Name: Anthemis nobilis Family Name: Compositae
Description of Plant: Small stocky perennial herb 25cm tall.
Feathery leaves. Daisy white flowers.
Where Cultivated: England, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy
Part of Plant Used: Flower
heads.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Blue. Turns yellow with age. Warm, sweet, herby
scent.
Main Constituents: 85% angelic and tiglic acids (esters), pinene
(monoterpene), farnesol (alcohol), chamazulene and farnasene
(sesquiterpenes)
Actions: Analgesic, digestive, anti-spasmodic, anti-neuralgic
Physical Uses:
sensitive red skin, sunburn,
muscular pain, sprains,
dull aches and pains, earache,
sciatica, neuralgia, insomnia,
tonsillitis, asthma,
allergies, eczema, psoriasis,
insect bites, dysmenorrhoea,
Emotional Uses:
fear
exhaustion
grief
depression
over-sensitivity
nervousness
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to the first three months of pregnancy.
CLARY-SAGE
Latin Name: Salvia sclarea Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Stout herb. Hairy green leaves with purple tint.
Small blue flowers.
Where Cultivated: Mediterranean, Russia, Morocco, U.S.A.,
England
Part of Plant Used: Flowering
tops and leaves.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless or pale yellow/green. Sweet, nutty,
herby aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalyl acetate (ester), linalool and sclareol
(alcohols), pinene (monoterpene)
Actions: Anti-spasmodic, anti-depressant, sedative, narcotic,
oestrogenic, hallucinogenic
Physical Uses:
amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea,
menopausal problems,
muscular aches and pains,
asthma, irritable bowel syndrome,
dandruff, hair loss, neuralgia
Emotional Uses:
burn out
hyperactivity
claustrophobia
guilt
nervous tension
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy. Do not drink alcohol
after using clary-sage due to its narcotic and hallucinogenic effects.
CLOVE (BUD)
Latin Name: Syzygium
aromaticum
Family Name: Myrtaceae
Description of Plant: Slender evergreen tree with a smooth grey
trunk, bright green leaves and long red buds.
Where Cultivated: Madagascar, Indonesia
Part of Plant Used: Bud. Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow with sweet-spicy aroma.
Main Constituents: 60-90% eugenol (phenol), eugenyl acetate
(ester), caryophyllene (sesquiterpene)
Actions: Hypertensive, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-neuralgic,
antiseptic
Physical Uses:
toothache, loss of appetite
nausea
rheumatism
athlete’s foot
hypotension
Emotional Uses:
anger
quarrelsome
worthlessness
dementia
misery
Safety Data: Sensitiser. Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.
Toxic. Hypertensive. Contra-indicated to pregnancy. Dilute to 0.1% or
less. No other clove oils should be used.
CYPRESS
Latin Name: Cupressus
sempervirens
Family Name: Cupressaceae
Description of Plant: Tall, evergreen tree with small flowers and
round cones or nuts.
Where Cultivated: France, Spain, Morocco
Part of Plant Used: Needles and
twigs.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow/green colour with smoky, balsamic
aroma.
Main Constituents: Mainly pinene and camphene (monoterpenes),
sabinol (alcohol)
Actions: Astringent, deodorant, diuretic, tonic, antiseptic, detoxifying
Physical Uses:
haemorrhoids, varicose veins,
menopausal problems,
menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea,
amenorrhoea, oedema,
oily skin, arthritis (osteo and
rheumatoid), cramp, cellulite
Emotional Uses:
timidness
feeling pressurized
grief
tiredness
lack of concentration
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy.
EUCALYPTUS (BLUE GUM)
Latin Name: Eucalyptus globulus Family Name: Myrtaceae
Description of Plant: Tall evergreen tree. Bluish-green, oval leaves
and creamy-white flowers.
Where Cultivated: Brazil, China, Australia
Part of Plant Used: Leaves and
twigs.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless with a harsh camphoraceous aroma.
Main Constituents: 70-85% 1,8 cineole (oxide), limonene, pinene
and camphene (monoterpenes )
Actions: Antiseptic, decongestant, anti-viral, febrifugal, deodorant,
stimulant, immuno-stimulant, anti-inflammatory, insect repellent
Physical Uses:
respiratory conditions, sinusitis
viral infections, fever
rheumatic conditions
catarrh, diarrhoea
sprains
Emotional Uses:
mood swings
temper tantrums
exhaustion
cluttered thoughts
delirium
Safety Data: Risk of toxicity. Can irritate the skin. Can be fatal if
taken internally.
FRANKINCENSE
Latin Name: Boswellia carterii Family Name: Burseraceae
Description of Plant: Small tree/shrub. Pinnate leaves. White or
pale pink flowers. Natural gum resin collected by making incisions
into the bark. Milky white liquid solidifies into tear shaped amberorange/
brown lumps.
Where Cultivated: Somalia, China, Ethiopia (distilled in Europe)
Part of Plant Used: Selected
oleo-resin.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow/green with a warm, rich, sweet,
balsamic aroma.
Main Constituents: Pinene, limonene and phellandrene
(monoterpenes)
Actions: Cytophylactic, slows and deepens breathing, meditative,
astringent
Physical Uses:
dry mature skin
scars
asthma
catarrh
dysmenorrhoea
Emotional Uses:
anxiety
nervous tension
helps to break links with the past
panic
stress
bereavement, fear, paranoia
Safety Data: Use according to the general instructions in ‘Methods of
Use’ and ‘Blending’.
GERANIUM
Latin Name: Pelargonium
graveolens
Family Name: Geraniaceae
Description of Plant: Perennial, hairy shrub with pointed leaves,
serrated at the ends and small, pink flowers.
Where Cultivated: Egypt, Réunion (Bourbon), Russia, China
Part of Plant Used: Leaves,
stalks and flowers.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Greenish/olive colour with a rosy, sweet,
powerful floral aroma.
Main Constituents: Citronellol, geraniol and linalool (alcohols)
Actions: Anti-depressant, antiseptic, adrenal cortex stimulant,
haemostatic, lymphatic, regulates sebum
Physical Uses:
acne, oily skin, cellulite,
wounds, menopausal problems,
amenorrhoea, pre-menstrual
tension, menorrhagia,
dysmenorrhoea, Raynaud’s
disease, eczema, oedema
Emotional Uses:
stress
moodiness
lack of self esteem
instability
nervous tension
depression
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy. May cause dermatitis in
hypersensitive individuals (especially the Bourbon oil).
GINGER
Latin Name: Zingiber officinalis Family Name: Zingiberaceae
Description of Plant: Perennial herb, 1m thick, with spreading
tuberous rhizome root.
Where Cultivated: India, China
Part of Plant Used: Root. Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow, amber or greenish oil with a warm,
woody, spicy aroma.
Main Constituents: Gingerin, gingerone, zingiberine, linalool
(alcohol), citral (aldehyde)
Actions: Warming, rubefacient, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, stimulant
Physical Uses:
arthritis (osteo and rheumatoid),
rheumatism,
muscular aches, pains, sprains,
indigestion, diarrhoea,
chills, tonsillitis, cramp
Emotional Uses:
nervous exhaustion
apathy
burn out
sadness
fear
Safety Data: Toxic in high concentrations. Sensitiser.
Dilute to 0.1%. Never apply neat.
GRAPEFRUIT
Latin Name: Citrus paradisi Family Name: Rutaceae
Description of Plant: Tree with glossy leaves and large, yellow fruit.
Where Cultivated: California, Florida, Brazil, Israel
Part of Plant Used: Fresh peel. Method of Extraction: Cold
expression
Description of Oil: Yellow or greenish colour with a fresh, citrus
aroma.
Main Constituents: 90% limonene (monoterpene), geraniol (alcohol)
citronellal and neral (aldehydes)
Actions: Antiseptic, lymphatic, diuretic, depurative, digestive tonic
Physical Uses:
oedema
cellulite
obesity
congested oily skin
warts, verrucae
Emotional Uses:
depression
nervous exhaustion
performance stress
seasonal affective disorder
mental fatigue
Safety Data: Short shelf life as it oxidizes quickly. Although
grapefruit is a citrus oil, it is not generally thought to be
photosensitising. Possible skin irritatant.
HYSSOP
Latin Name: Hyssopus officinalis Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Perennial, evergreen shrub, 60cm tall. Woody
stem, small leaves and blue/purple flowers.
Where Cultivated: Hungary, France
Part of Plant Used: Leaves and
flowering tops.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless to pale yellow/green. Sweet, herby,
warm aroma.
Main Constituents: Pinocamphone and thujone (toxic ketones),
cis-linalool oxide
Actions: Sudorific, expectorant, cephalic, adaptogen for blood
pressure
Physical Uses:
respiratory conditions
diarrhoea
Emotional Uses:
anxiety
hysteria
Safety Data: Not an oil for home use due to high level of ketones.
Contra-indicated to pregnancy and epilepsy. Toxic.
Use only under the supervision of a qualified Aromatherapist.
JASMINE
Latin Name: Jasminium
grandiflorum
Family Name: Oleaceae
Description of Plant: Evergreen shrub or vine with delicate, bright
leaves and star shaped white flowers.
Where Cultivated: China, India
Part of Plant Used: Flowers. Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation of the absolute
Description of Oil: Reddish brown colour. Rich floral aroma.
Main Constituents: Benzyl acetate (ester), farnesol, linalool and
benzyl alcohol (alcohols), jasmone (non-toxic ketone)
Actions: Relaxant, warming, anti-depressant, parturient, sedative,
uterine tonic
Physical Uses:
labour pains
uterine disorders
coughs
irritated skin
muscular spasm
Emotional Uses:
low self esteem
pessimism
lack of confidence
stress, depression
promotes euphoria
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy. Dilute to 1%. Using too
much may have an opposite effect. Allergic reaction has been known
in some sensitive individuals.
JUNIPERBERRY
Latin Name: Juniperus
communis
Family Name: Cupressaceae
Description of Plant: Evergreen shrub or tree, 6m tall. Bluish,
narrow needles and small flowers. Berries are green the first year
and black in the second and third.
Where Cultivated: Italy, France, Canada, Austria, Czechoslovakia
Part of Plant Used: Berries. Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless, white or pale yellow with a woody,
fresh, sweet aroma.
Main Constituents: Pinene, sabinene, limonene and myrcene
(monoterpenes)
Actions: Antiseptic, diuretic, detoxifying, hypertensive, astringent,
stomachic, anti-inflammatory, toning
Physical Uses:
cystitis, urinary stones,
haemorrhoids, varicose veins,
cellulite, cramp, acne, eczema,
arthritis (osteo and rheumatoid),
gout, warts, verrucae
Emotional Uses:
confusion
guilt
emotionally drained
exhaustion
addictions
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy and kidney disease
(consult a medically qualified person if a kidney complaint is
suspected). Hypertensive.
LAVENDER
Latin Name: Lavandula
angustifolia
Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Evergreen, woody shrub with green-silvery
leaves and violet-blue flowers. Whole plant is aromatic.
Where Cultivated: France, Spain, England
Part of Plant Used: Fresh
flowering tops.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless to pale yellow. Floral, herby,
balsamic, woody aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalyl acetate (ester), linalool and lavandulol
(alcohols)
Actions: Hypotensive, nervine, antiseptic, cytophylactic, relaxant,
immuno-stimulant, analgesic, sedative
Physical Uses:
burns, sunburn, psoriasis,
eczema, acne, insect bites,
dysmenorrhoea, Raynaud’s
disease, insomnia, hypertension,
headaches, migraine, sinusitis,
sciatica, sprains, neuralgia,
thrush, cystitis, colds, flu, cold
sores, laryngitis, tonsillitis,
asthma, varicose veins,
haemorrhoids, bruises
Emotional Uses:
anxiety
shock
panic
hyperactivity
stress
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to the first three months of pregnancy.
It is a very gentle oil with many uses but take care not to over use it.
Hypotensive.
LEMON
Latin Name: Citrus limon Family Name: Rutaceae
Description of Plant: Small, evergreen tree with serrated, oval
leaves, fragrant flowers and yellow fruit.
Where Cultivated: Italy, Sicily, Cyprus, Israel
Part of Plant Used: Fresh outer
peel.
Method of Extraction: Cold
expression
Description of Oil: Pale green-yellow colour with fresh lemon
aroma.
Main Constituents: Limonene and pinene (monoterpenes), citral
(aldehyde), bergapten (furocoumarin)
Actions: Antiseptic, immuno-stimulant, hypotensive, bactericidal,
counteracts acidity in the body, adaptogen for autonomic nervous
system (sedative or tonic as required), detoxifying, anti-viral
Physical Uses:
acne, greasy skin, chilblains,
infections, tonsillitis, warts,
verrucae, arteriosclerosis,
varicose veins, arthritis (osteo
and rheumatoid), menorrhagia
Emotional uses:
lethargy
stress
mental fatigue
distrust
indecision
Safety Data: Sensitiser. Can be a skin irritant so dilute to 0.1%.
Toxic. Photosensitiser due to its bergapten content. Hypotensive.
MARJORAM (SWEET)
Latin Name: Origanum majorana Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Tender, bushy, perennial herb 60cm tall with a
hairy stem, dark green oval leaves and small, greyish, white flowers.
Where Cultivated: France, Tunisia, Egypt, Germany
Part of Plant Used: Flowers. Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow-amber colour with a spicy, warm,
woody aroma.
Main Constituents: Sabinene (sesquiterpene), alpha-terpineol and
terpinen-4-ol (alcohols), geranyl acetate (ester)
Actions: Hypotensive, anaphrodisiac, nervine, warming, vaso-dilator,
anti-spasmodic, sedative, emmenagogue
Physical Uses:
hypertension, arthritis (osteo and
rheumatoid), coughs, colds, flu,
asthma, irritable bowel syndrome,
indigestion, chilblains, cramp,
migraine, neuralgia, insomnia,
amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea,
headaches
Emotional Uses:
stress
exhaustion
panic attacks
rage
addiction
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy. Can cause drowsiness
if used in large amounts, so dilute to 1% or less when using with
young people or children. Hypotensive.
MELISSA
Latin Name: Melissa officinalis Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Sweet scented bushy herb with bright green
leaves. 60cm tall. Tiny pink or white flowers. Also known as lemon
balm.
Where Cultivated: France, Spain, Germany, Russia
Part of Plant Used: Leaves and
flowering tops.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow colour with a fresh, light, lemony
aroma.
Main Constituents: Citral, geranial and neral (aldehydes), citronellol
(alcohol)
Actions: Hypotensive, anti-spasmodic, cordial, soothing, regulator of
menstrual cycle, sedative
Physical Uses:
asthma, coughs
eczema, skin problems
menstrual problems
amenorrhoea
hypertension
Emotional Uses:
soothes mind and body
negativity
irritability
lethargy
stress, shock
Safety Data: Possible skin irritant, so use low dilutions of 1% or less.
Hypotensive. As the plant contains a high proportion of water, so
increasing the cost of producing the oil, it is one of the most
adulterated oils (often with lemon or lemongrass).
NEROLI
Latin Name: Citrus aurantium
var. amara
Family Name: Rutaceae
Description of Plant: Bitter or Seville orange tree.
Where Cultivated: Italy
Part of Plant Used: Orange
blossom (the leaves and twigs
are used to extract petitgrain).
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Thick, deep brown colour with a bitter-sweet
aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalyl acetate (ester), limonene and pinene
(monoterpenes), linalool (alcohol)
Actions: Anti-depressant, stomachic, aphrodisiac, cytophylactic,
hypotensive
Physical Uses:
insomnia
hypertension
pre-menstrual tension
post and menopausal problems
diarrhoea, eczema
Emotional Uses:
depression, shock
nervous tension
abuse
sadness
stress
Safety Data: Can possibly cause contact dermatitis in sensitive
individuals. Hypotensive.
ORANGE (SWEET)
Latin Name: Citrus sinensis Family Name: Rutaceae
Description of Plant: Evergreen tree with orange fruit.
Where Cultivated: Israel, Cyprus, Brazil, Mediterranean
Part of Plant Used: Fresh,
almost ripe outer peel.
Method of Extraction: 1: cold
expression 2: steam distillation
Description of Oil: 1. yellow/orange with sweet, fruity aroma
2. colourless/pale yellow with light, fruity aroma
Main Constituents: 90% monoterpenes mainly limonene. The
expressed oil also contains bergapten (furocoumarin).
Actions: Anti-depressant, anti-spasmodic, mildly sedative,
normalizes peristaltic action
Physical Uses:
dull oily complexion
palpitations
digestive problems
insomnia
spasms, cold, flu
Emotional Uses:
stress related conditions
self consciousness
addiction
emotional violence/abuse
Safety Data: Caution with children. Possible contact dermatitis in
sensitive individuals. Sensitiser. Toxic. Dilute to 0.1%.
Photosensitiser (particularly for the expressed oil as it contains
bergapten).
PALMAROSA
Latin Name: Cymbopogon
martinii
Family Name: Graminaceae
Description of Plant: Wild growing, herbaceous plant with long
slender stems, flowery tops and fragrant, grassy leaves.
Where Cultivated: Africa, Brazil, Indonesia
Part of Plant Used: Fresh or
dried grass.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow or olive coloured oil with a sweet,
rosy, floral aroma.
Main Constituents: 75-95% geraniol (alcohol), geranyl acetate
(ester)
Actions: Hydrating, antiseptic, febrifugal, digestive, regulates the
production of sebum, cytophylactic, hormonally balancing,
bactericidal
Physical Uses:
skin care
scars, wrinkles
anorexia
intestinal infections
Raynaud’s disease, fever
Emotional Uses:
stress
nervous exhaustion
pre-menstrual syndrome (P.M.S.)
Safety Data: Several chemotypes. Use according to the general
guidelines in ‘Methods of Use’ and ‘Blending’.
PATCHOULI
Latin Name: Pogostemon cablin Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Perennial, bushy plant with large, soft, furry
leaves.
Where Cultivated: India, China, Malaysia, South America
Part of Plant Used: Dried
leaves.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Amber or dark orange colour with a sweet, rich,
earthy aroma.
Main Constituents: 35-40% patchouli alcohol, patchoulene (terpene)
Actions: Aphrodisiac, anti-depressant, anti-viral, carminative,
fungicidal
Physical Uses:
athlete’s foot
cracked chapped skin
impetigo
oily hair
oedema
Emotional Uses:
depression
anxiety
nervous exhaustion
stress
mood swings
Safety Data: Use according to the general guidelines in ‘Methods of
Use’ and ‘Blending’.
PEPPERMINT
Latin Name: Mentha piperita Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Perennial herb, 1m tall, with reddish/violet
flowers.
Where Cultivated: France, England, America
Part of Plant: Flowering herb. Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow or greenish colour with a minty,
camphoraceous aroma.
Main Constituents: 29-48% menthol (alcohol), menthone (non-toxic
ketone), menthyl acetate (ester), limonene and pinene
(monoterpenes)
Actions: Anti-inflammatory, expectorant, vaso-constrictor, digestive,
analgesic, insecticidal, adaptogen (stimulates and relaxes as
necessary), hypertensive
Physical Uses:
digestive disorders, indigestion,
nausea, colds, flu, insect bites,
hypotension, migraine,
headaches, sinusitis,
sprains, rheumatoid arthritis,
dysmenorrhoea, fever
Emotional Uses:
shock
overwork
sluggishness
mental fatigue
apathy
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy and epilepsy. Sensitiser.
Hypertensive. Neat use can produce chemical burns especially if the
skin is already damaged. Dilute to 0.1%.
PETITGRAIN
Latin Name: Citrus aurantium
var. amara
Family Name: Rutaceae
Description of Plant: Evergreen tree up to 10m tall with dark green,
glossy leaves, fragrant white flowers and orange fruits.
Where Cultivated: France, North Africa, Paraguay, Haiti
Part of Plant Used: Leaves and
twigs (the orange blossom is
used to extract neroli).
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow to amber colour with a fresh, floral,
citrus aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate (esters),
nerol and linalool (alcohols)
Actions: Reduces over production of sebum, antiseptic, deodorant,
anti-depressant
Physical Uses:
skin care
acne
Emotional Uses:
loneliness
unhappiness
comforting when convalescing
pessimism
seasonal affective disorder
Safety Data: Use according to the general guidelines in ‘Methods of
Use’ and ‘Blending’.
ROSE OTTO
Latin Name: Rosa damascena Family Name: Rosaceae
Description of Plant: Hybrid, producing an abundance of flowers.
Where Cultivated: Morocco, France, Italy, China
Part of Plant Used: Fresh petals. Method of Extraction:
1: steam distillation (oil/otto)
2: solvent or carbon dioxide
extraction (concrete/absolute)
Description of Oil: 1: pale with deep floral aroma
2: reddish orange with rich, sweet, slightly spicy, rosy aroma
Main Constituents: Citronellol, geraniol and nerol (alcohols)
Actions: Anti-depressant, regulator of appetite, hepatic, astringent,
cicatrisant, laxative
Physical Uses:
broken capillaries, mature skin,
liver congestion, uterine
disorders, constipation,
insomnia, asthma, menopausal
problems, menorrhagia
frigidity, impotency
Emotional Uses:
depression, sadness
nervous tension
stress, shock
pre-menstrual syndrome (P.M.S.)
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to the first three months of pregnancy,
then use in moderation (1% or less).
ROSEMARY
Latin Name: Rosmarinus
officinalis
Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Bush with silver green leaves and pale blue
flowers.
Where Cultivated: California, Russia, Middle East, France, Spain
Part of Plant Used: Fresh
flowering tops.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless or pale yellow with a strong, herby,
balsamic aroma.
Main Constituents: Pinene and limonene (monoterpenes), borneol
(alcohol), 1,8 cineole (oxide)
Actions: Hypertensive, analgesic, stimulant, cephalic, astringent,
diuretic, regulates sebum, lymphatic, tones muscles, nervine
Physical Uses:
neuralgia, sciatica, muscular
pain, cramp, sprains, rheumatoid
arthritis, varicose veins,
hypotension, oedema,
acne, scabies, bruises,
hair care, alopecia,
Raynaud’s disease
Emotional Uses:
fatigue
stress
indecision
loss of memory
lethargy
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy and epilepsy.
Hypertensive. Possible suppression of insulin response, so do not
use on diabetics.
SANDALWOOD
Latin Name: Santalum album Family Name: Santalaceae
Description of Plant: Small, evergreen, parasitic tree with leathery
leaves and small, pink-purple flowers.
Where Cultivated: India (Mysore), Europe
Part of Plant Used: Roots and
heartwood, powdered and dried.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Pale yellow, greenish or brownish with a sweet,
soft, deep woody, balsamic aroma.
Main Constituents: Santalol (70-90%) and borneol (alcohols)
Actions: Astringent, expectorant, cicatrisant, urinary antiseptic, antidepressant,
soothing
Physical Uses:
dry cracked, chapped skin
catarrh
coughs, laryngitis
cystitis
chilblains
Emotional Uses:
depression
stress
unforgiving
loneliness
Safety Data: Use according to the general guidelines in ‘Methods of
Use’ and ‘Blending’.
TEA-TREE
Latin Name: Melaleuca
alternifolia
Family Name: Myrtaceae
Description of Plant: Small tree or shrub with needle-like leaves and
yellow/purple flowers.
Where Cultivated: Australia, New South Wales
Part of Plant Used: Leaves and
twigs.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Colourless, white to pale yellow with a warm,
spicy, fresh, camphoraceous aroma.
Main Constituents: Large amount of terpinen-4-ol (alcohol), 1.8
cineole (oxide), pinene (monoterpene)
Actions: Immuno-stimulant, antibiotic, anti-viral, fungicidal,
bactericidal, cytophylactic
Physical Uses:
colds, flu, tonsillitis, sinusitis,
cold sores, warts, verrucae,
thrush, cystitis, laryngitis,
infections, athlete’s foot,
catarrh, acne
Emotional Uses:
hypochondria
debility
irritability
Safety Data: Possible sensitisation in very sensitive individuals. Can
be used neat on spots, cold sores, verrucae and warts, otherwise
dilute as normal.
THYME (WHITE)
Latin Name: Thymus vulgaris Family Name: Labiatae
Description of Plant: Perennial, evergreen shrub with pale purple or
white flowers. Many chemotypes, one of which is commonly known
as red thyme.
Where Cultivated: Spain, France
Part of Plant Used: Fresh or
partially dried leaves and
flowering tops.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Clear oil with a sweet, herby, mild, fresh aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalool (alcohol), linalyl acetate (ester)
Actions: Rubefacient, hypertensive, balsamic, nervine, bactericidal
Physical Uses:
coughs, tonsillitis, sinusitis,
laryngitis,
poor circulation, hypotension,
bruises, insect bites
cellulite, alopecia
Emotional Uses:
revives mind and body
over reactive
nervous debility
lack of memory
confusion
Safety Data: Contra-indicated to pregnancy and epilepsy. Irritates
mucous membranes. Many chemotypes so use with care.
Hypertensive.
VETIVERT
Latin Name: Vetiveria zizanoides Family Name: Poaceae
Description of Plant: Tall, scented grass with long, narrow leaves
and white roots.
Where Cultivated: Caribbean
Part of Plant Used: Roots washed,
dried, chopped and
soaked.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Dark brown/amber with an earthy, woody, slightly
sweet aroma.
Main Constituents: Vetiverol (alcohol), cadinene (sesquiterpene)
Actions: Immuno-stimulant, rubefacient, relaxant, grounding
Physical Uses:
insomnia
rheumatism
oily skin
Emotional Uses:
stress, depression, shock
insecurity
instability
bereavement
divorce, separation
Safety Data: Use according to the general guidelines in ‘Methods of
Use’ and ‘Blending’.
YLANG YLANG
Latin Name: Cananga odorata Family Name: Annonaceae
Description of Plant: Tall, tropical tree with yellow flowers.
Where Cultivated: Madagascar, Comoro Islands
Part of Plant Used: Freshly
picked flowers.
Method of Extraction: Steam
distillation
Description of Oil: Very pale. Intensely sweet, floral, spicy aroma.
Main Constituents: Linalool and geraniol (alcohols), pinene
(monoterpene), benzyl acetate (ester)
Actions: Hypotensive, sedative, tonic, nervine, anti-depressant,
regulator of sebum
Physical Uses:
hyperpnoea, palpitations,
irritable bowel syndrome,
indigestion, oily skin,
impotency,
hypertension
Emotional Uses:
nervous tension
jealousy
anger
frustration
depression
Safety Data: Use in moderation. The heady scent can cause
headaches or nausea in some individuals. Hypotensive. Five grades:
1, 2, 3, 5 and Complete. Complete has the best aroma.
Safety
Essential oils are highly concentrated, complex chemical
compounds and should always be treated with respect.
Just because they are ‘natural’ does not mean that they cannot do
any harm. The definition of Aromatherapy includes the phrase “the
controlled use of essential oils”. The word ‘controlled’ should
never be forgotten.
An important safety issue, highlighting the importance of the
controlled use of essential oils, is that of quantity.
As essential oils are so concentrated they are rarely used neat.
Under normal circumstances they are always diluted to 1-3% using
a carrier.
A total of 6 drops of oil per day, preferably of different types, is
considered safe.
For children and pregnant women (who should be treated only
by a qualified Aromatherapist) essential oils must be diluted even
further to 1-2%.
A Golden Rule to remember is that ‘Less Is Best’.
Another Golden Rule that helps to maintain the safety of
Aromatherapy is ‘Use Quality Oils’.
Once you have purchased the essential oils look after them! Due
to the chemistry of the oils, they should be stored in their coloured
glass bottles in a cool, dark place. This will help their shelf life. On
average a bottle of essential oil should be used within one year of
opening, or two years if stored in a refridgerator.
Essential oils must be treated with care. They are volatile and
flammable, so keep them away from naked flames and strong
sources of heat. They should also be kept away from homeopathic
remedies as some strong oils may negate them.
Some oils may cause sensitisation. This is when oils can be used
infrequently without signs of intolerance but, with continued use,
reactions occur such as skin inflammation or rashes. It is therefore
important to regularly change the oils used or alternate them to
avoid the effects of extended exposure.
Here’s a list of oils that commonly irritate the skin or cause
sensitisation. They should all be diluted to 0.1% before use. Please
note that this is by no means a definitive list. Each person is an
individual who will react as such to any treatment.
Angelica Angelica archangelica
Black Pepper Piper nigrum
Cinnamon (Leaf) Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Citronella Cymbopogon nardus
Clove (all parts) Eugenia caryophyllata
Ginger Zingiber officinalis
Lemon Citrus limon
Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus/flexuosus
Lemon Verbena Lippia citriodora
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans
Orange (Sweet) Citrus sinensis
Peppermint Mentha piperita
There’s something else to worry about! Some essential oils can
increase the skin’s sensitivity to ultraviolet light. These oils are
called photosensitisers.
Photosensitisation occurs when skin, treated with a
photosensitising oil, is exposed to ultraviolet light (e.g. sunlight,
rays from a sunbed or radiation). The effects range from
pigmentation of the skin to severe burns.
It is the chemistry of the oil that produces this effect.
Furocoumarins (a type of lactone) are responsible for increasing
the skin’s sensitivity to sunlight. For example, oxypeucedanin and
bergapten are found in lemon oil. Bergapten is also found in
bergamot and was used in fake sun-tan preparations until cases of
skin reactions were reported.
This table lists some of the most common photosensitising oils
which should not be used before exposure to the sun or other
forms of ultraviolet light.
Angelica Angelica archangelica
Bergamot Citrus bergamia
Lemon Citrus limon
Lime Citrus medica var. amara
Orange (Sweet) Citrus sinensis
Another group of oils that you should be familiar with are those that
can cause toxicity or chronic toxicity if used, even in low
amounts, over a period of time.
These oils can cause tissue damage to the liver and kidneys, as
these organs are responsible for filtering out dangerous
substances. Continued use of these oils causes toxins to build up
in these organs and this can, in extreme cases, result in death.
This shows some oils with a risk of toxicity or chronic
toxicity. These oils should therefore be used with caution and
certainly not used for more than a few days at any one time.
Basil Occimum basilicum
Cedarwood Cedrus atlantica
Cinnamon (Leaf) Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Eucalyptus (Blue Gum) Eucalyptus globulus
Fennel (Sweet) Foeniculum vulgare
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis
Lemon Citrus limon
Orange (Sweet) Citrus sinensis
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans
Thyme Thymus vulgaris
So far we have just considered the safety of the various oils.
Knowing which oils are:
•
hazardous (never used)
•
irritants (used in weaker dilutions)
•
sensitisers (used in weaker dilutions and not used over
extended periods)
•
photosensitisers (not used if exposure to ultraviolet light is
imminent)
•
toxic (used with care only over short periods)
-is vital, but let’s not forget that the client comes into the equation
too!
Abnormal Blood Pressure
This is a difficult contra-indication to assess. Unless the client has
been tested by their doctor and advised of a blood pressure
problem it may go undetected.
If the client is receiving treatment for abnormal blood pressure then
the doctor’s consent must be obtained before any treatment
commences.
High or low blood pressure reduces the range of suitable oils as
some act to further increase the blood pressure and some act to
further decrease it.
Essential oils that raise blood pressure are termed
hypertensive. Clearly these shouldn’t be used if the client is
already suffering from high blood pressure (hypertension).
Hypertensive oils include rosemary, clary-sage, black pepper,
juniperberry, thyme and clove (bud).
The essential oils that lower blood pressure are called
hypotensive and obviously shouldn’t be used in cases where the
blood pressure is known to be low (hypotension). Hypotensive oils
include lavender, marjoram, melissa, ylang ylang and lemon.
Blood pressure can also be affected by hyssop. Hyssop is an
adaptogen (natural balancer) and is able to react in opposite
ways depending on the need of the body. So, when the blood
pressure is high, hyssop will act to reduce it. On the other hand,
when the blood pressure is low, hyssop will act to increase it.
WARNING!
Hyssop is contra-indicated to epilepsy and pregnancy and is also
toxic.
Pregnancy
Many Aromatherapists will not treat pregnant women. Others
argue that, as long as the oils contra-indicated to pregnancy are
avoided, Aromatherapy can be of great benefit to the expectant
mother as it can help to minimise the various discomforts of
pregnancy.
Whenever essential oils are used on a pregnant woman, the
dilution must be reduced from the usual 1-3% to 1-2%, except for
the irritating/sensitising oils which must be diluted to 0.1%.
Remember that essential oils are absorbed into the blood and
transported around the body. In pregnant women, although the
maternal and foetal blood are never in direct contact, it is believed
that the essential oils can cross the placenta.
There are two groups of oils to be aware of, those contra-
indicated to the first three months of pregnancy and those
contra-indicated to the whole of the pregnancy and any breast
feeding period that follows.
The oils to be avoided in the first three months are those with an
abortifacient tendency (induce abortion) and those which have an
emmenagogic action (induce menstrual flow). Theoretically these
oils could induce a miscarriage.
Here is a list of oils to be avoided during the first three months of
pregnancy. They can be used carefully in the remaining months
unless there is any history of miscarriage.
Chamomile (German) Matricaria chamomilla
Chamomile (Roman) Anthemis nobilis
Lavender Lavandula angustifolia
Rose Rosa damascena
These oils must be avoided for the entire pregnancy and for any
breast feeding period that may follow:
Basil Ocymum basilicum
Birch Betula alba, B. lenta,
B. alleghaniensis
Black Pepper Piper nigrum
Cedarwood Cedrus atlantica
Clary-Sage Salvia sclarea
Cypress Cupressus sempervirens
Fennel (Sweet) Foeniculum vulgare
Geranium Pelargonium graveoleus
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis
Jasmine Jasminium officinalis
Juniperberry Juniperis communis
Marjoram Origanum majorana
Myrrh Commiphora myrrha
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans
Peppermint Mentha piperita
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis
Tarragon Artemisia dranunculus
Thyme Thymus vulgaris
Epilepsy
Some essential oils can instigate an epileptic type fit in those
that are susceptible. It is therefore important that a full case
history is taken to establish if the client suffers from epilepsy
before starting any treatment. (Note: although some oils are anti-
convulsive, it is not common for Aromatherapy to be used to
actually treat the epilepsy.)
Oils to be avoided in cases of epilepsy:
Fennel (Sweet) Foeniculum vulgare
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis
Peppermint Mentha piperita
Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis
Thyme Thymus vulgaris
We’ve now covered all the contra-indications. As a summary, they
are all listed together here.
Contra-indications that Prevent Aromatherapy Treatments:
•
Currently treated by doctor (including cancer, angina, heart
problems, blood disorders)
.. Taking medication
•
Severe, untreated medical problem
•
Unexplained seats of pain
Contra-indications that Restrict the Methods of Use:
.. Hypersensitive skin
.. Contagious diseases
•
Steroid use (if consent from doctor obtained)
Contra-indications to Reduce the Range of Suitable Oils:
•
Abnormal blood pressure (if consent from doctor obtained)
.. Pregnancy
.. Epilepsy
